Holy Roman Emperor
















Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire


Romanorum Imperator

Imperial


Holy Roman Empire Arms-double head.svg

Double-headed Reichsadler used by the Habsburg emperors of the early modern period


Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor by Friedrich von Amerling 003.jpg

Last to reign
Francis II

5 July 1792 – 6 August 1806


Details
Style
His Imperial Majesty
First monarch
Charlemagne/Otto the Great
Last monarch
Francis II
Formation
25 December 800/2 February 962
Abolition
6 August 1806
Appointer
see Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800/962-1806 AD, from Charlemagne/Otto I to Francis II). The title was, almost without interruption, held in conjunction with the rule of the Kingdom of Germany.[1][2][3]


From an autocracy in Carolingian times the title evolved into an elected monarchy chosen by the prince-electors. The Holy Roman Emperor was widely perceived to rule by divine right by Roman Catholic rulers in Europe, and he often contradicted or rivaled the Pope, most notably during the Investiture controversy. In theory, the Holy Roman Emperor was primus inter pares (first among equals) among other Catholic monarchs. In practice, a Holy Roman Emperor was only as strong as his army and alliances, including marriage alliances, made him. There was never a Holy Roman Empress regnant, though women such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa of Austria served as de facto Empresses regnant.


Even after the Reformation, the elected Emperor always happened to be a Roman Catholic. Until the Reformation, the Emperor elect (imperator electus) was required to be crowned by the Pope before assuming the imperial title. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the last to be crowned by the Pope in 1530. There were short periods in history when the electoral college was dominated by Protestants, although religion by no means defined the vote and the electors usually voted in their own political interest. Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became hereditary holders of the title. In particular, the Habsburgs kept the longest possession of the title. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor as a result of the collapse of the polity during the Napoleonic wars.




Contents





  • 1 Title


  • 2 Succession


  • 3 List of emperors

    • 3.1 Frankish emperors

      • 3.1.1 Carolingian dynasty


      • 3.1.2 Widonid dynasty


      • 3.1.3 Carolingian dynasty


      • 3.1.4 Bosonid dynasty


      • 3.1.5 Unruoching dynasty



    • 3.2 Holy Roman Emperors

      • 3.2.1 Ottonian dynasty


      • 3.2.2 Salian dynasty


      • 3.2.3 Supplinburg dynasty


      • 3.2.4 Staufen dynasty


      • 3.2.5 Welf dynasty


      • 3.2.6 Staufen dynasty


      • 3.2.7 House of Luxembourg


      • 3.2.8 House of Wittelsbach


      • 3.2.9 House of Luxembourg


      • 3.2.10 House of Habsburg


      • 3.2.11 House of Wittelsbach


      • 3.2.12 House of Lorraine


      • 3.2.13 House of Habsburg-Lorraine




  • 4 Coronation


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References




Title




Coats of arms of prince electors surround the Holy Roman Emperor's; from flags book of Jacob Köbel (1545). Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.



From the time of Constantine I (4th century) the Roman emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity[citation needed].
The title of Emperor became defunct in Western Europe after the deposition of Julius Nepos in AD 480, although the rulers of the "barbarian kingdoms" continued to recognize the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century; both the title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453, when it fell to the forces of the Ottoman Empire.


In the west, the title of Emperor (Imperator) was revived in 800, which also renewed ideas of imperial–papal cooperation. As the power of the papacy grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the investiture controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.


After Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) by Pope Leo III, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. No pope appointed an emperor again until the coronation of Otto the Great in 962. Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. After Charles V's coronation, all succeeding emperors were called elected Emperor due to the lack of papal coronation, but for all practical purposes they were simply called emperors.[citation needed]


The term sacrum (i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa.[4]Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (1530). The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.


The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, he was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title.[5]


The word Roman was a reflection of the principle of translatio imperii (or in this case restauratio imperii) that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, despite the continued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire.


In German-language historiography, the term Römisch-deutscher Kaiser ("Roman-German emperor") is used to distinguish the title from that of Roman Emperor on one hand, and that of German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) on the other. The English term "Holy Roman Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not corresponding to the historical style or title, i.e., the adjective "holy" is not intended as modifying "emperor"; the English term "Holy Roman Emperor" gains currency in the interbellum period (1920s to 1930s); formerly the title had also been rendered "German-Roman emperor" in English.[6][7]



Succession





Illustration of the election of Henry VII (27 November 1308) showing (left to right) the Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia (1341 miniature).


The elective monarchy of the kingdom of Germany goes back to the early 10th century, the election of Conrad I of Germany in 911 following the death without issue of Louis the Child, the last Carolingian ruler of Germany.
Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. The process of election meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (electoral capitulation).


Conrad was elected by the German dukes, and it is not known precisely when the system of seven prince-electors was established. The papal decree Venerabilem by Innocent III (1202), addressed to Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, establishes the election procedure by (unnamed) princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the candidates.
A letter of Pope Urban IV (1263), in the context of the disputed vote of 1256 and the subsequent the interregnum, suggests that by "immemorial custom", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor. The seven prince-electors are named in the Golden Bull of 1356: The Archbishop of Mainz, the Archbishop of Trier, the Archbishop of Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg.


After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of Charles VII, who was a Wittelsbach. Maximilian I (Emperor 1508–1519) and his successors no longer travelled to Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope. Maximilian therefore named himself Elected Roman Emperor (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors only Charles V, the immediate one, received a papal coronation.


The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria in 1621, but in 1648, in the wake of the Thirty Years' War, the Elector Palatine was restored, as eighth elector. Brunswick-Lüneburg was added as ninth elector in 1692. The whole college was reshuffled in the German mediatization of 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.



List of emperors



This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806).


Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germany) but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I of Germany and Henry the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the interregnum of the late 13th century.


Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century).



Frankish emperors


The rulers who were crowned as Roman emperors in the Western Europe before 962 were as follows:



Carolingian dynasty













































Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg

Charles I, the Great (Charlemagne)
(742–814)
25 December 800
28 January 814


  • King of the Franks

  • King of the Lombards


Ludwik I Pobożny.jpg

Louis I, the Pious
(778–840)
11 September 813[8]20 June 840
Son of Charles I

  • King of the Franks

  • King of Italy

  • King of Aquitaine


Lothar I.jpg

Lothair I
(795–855)
5 April 823
29 September 855
Son of Louis I

  • King of Bavaria

  • King of Italy

  • King of Middle Francia


Louis II of Italy.png

Louis II
(825–875)
29 September 855
12 August 875
Son of Lothair I

  • King of Bavaria

  • King of Italy

  • King of Middle Francia


Карл Лысый.jpg

Charles II, the Bald
(823–877)
29 December 875
6 October 877
Son of Louis I

  • King of West Francia

  • King of Italy


Sceau de Charles le gros.jpg

Charles III, the Fat
(839–888)
12 February 881
13 January 888
Grandson of Louis I

  • King of West Francia

  • King of East Francia

  • King of Italy


Widonid dynasty





















Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Wido rex Italiae.jpg

Guy I
(?–894)
891
12 December 894
Great-great grandson of Charles I

  • King of Italy

  • Duke of Spoleto



Lambert I
(880–898)
30 April 892
15 October 898
Son of Guy I

  • King of Italy

  • Duke of Spoleto


Carolingian dynasty














Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Seal of Arnulph of Carinthia (896).jpg

Arnulph
(850–899)
22 February 896
8 December 899
Nephew of Charles III

  • King of Italy

  • King of East Francia


Bosonid dynasty















Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)


Louis III, the Blind
(880–928)
22 February 901
21 July 905
Grandson of Louis II

  • King of Italy

  • King of Provence


Unruoching dynasty















Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Berengar I on a seal.jpg

Berengar I
(845–924)
December 915
7 April 924
Grandson of Louis I

  • King of Italy

  • Margrave of Friuli


Holy Roman Emperors


There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.


While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman Emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the Saxon king Otto I. It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families, notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century. From the end of the Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the Emperors drew from many different German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son. That changed with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs would hold the Imperial throne until the 18th century, later a cadet branch known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine would likewise pass it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, the Habsburgs also dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with Ferdinand I, all successive Emperors forwent the traditional coronation.



Ottonian dynasty
































Image
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

017 otto siegel 2.jpg

Otto I, the Great
(912–973)
2 February 962
7 May 973
Great-great-great grandson of Louis I

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany

  • Duke of Saxony


Otto II. (HRR).jpg

Otto II, the Red
(955–983)
25 December 967
7 December 983
Son of Otto I

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Meister der Reichenauer Schule 002.jpg

Otto III
(980–1002)
21 May 996
23 January 1002
Son of Otto II

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Kronung Heinrich II.jpg

Henry II[9]
(973–1024)
14 February 1014
July 13 1024
Second cousin of Otto III

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany

  • Duke of Bavaria


Salian dynasty
































Portrait
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Konrad2Salsky-2.jpg

Conrad II, the Elder[10]
(990–1039)
26 March 1027
4 June 1039
Great-great-grandson of Otto I

  • King of Burgundy

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg

Henry III, the Black
(1017–1056)
25 December 1046
5 October 1056
Son of Conrad II

  • King of Burgundy

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Heinrich 4 g.jpg

Henry IV
(1050–1116)
5 October 1056
7 August 1106
Son of Henry III

  • King of Burgundy

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Henry V edit.jpg

Henry V[11]
(1086–1125)
13 April 1111
23 May 1125
Son of Henry IV

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Supplinburg dynasty













Portrait
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg

Lothair II[12]
(1075–1137)
4 June 1133
4 December 1137
Great-great-great-great-great-great-grandnephew of Otto I

  • King of Italy

  • King of Germany


Staufen dynasty




















Portrait
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Frederick I (HRE).jpg

Frederick I Barbarossa
(1122–1190)
8 June 1155
10 June 1190
Great-grandson of Henry IV

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Burgundy


Codex Manesse Heinrich VI. (HRR).jpg

Henry VI
(1165–1197)
14 April 1191
28 September 1197
Son of Frederick I

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Burgundy

  • Co-King of Sicily


Welf dynasty














Portrait
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg

Otto IV
(1175–1218)
9 June 1198
1215
Great-grandson of Lothair II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Burgundy


Staufen dynasty















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Frederick II (HRE).jpg


Holy Roman Emperor

Or three leopards sable.svgShield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg
Coats of arms

Frederick II,
Stupor Mundi (1194–1250)
22 November 1220
13 December 1250
Son of Henry VI

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Sicily

  • King of Jerusalem

The interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV (1245, alternatively from the death of Frederick 1250 or the death of Conrad IV 1254) to the election of Rudolf I of Germany (1273).
Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert.
The next emperor was Henry VII, crowned on 29 June 1312 by Pope Clement V.



House of Luxembourg
















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Henry Lux head.jpg


Holy Roman Emperor

Arms of Luxembourg.svgShield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg
Coats of arms

Henry VII
(1274-1313)
29 June 1312
24 August 1313
Great x11 grandson of Charles II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • Count of Luxemburg


House of Wittelsbach
















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Ignoto, re ludovico IV, bull d'oro, 1329.JPG


Holy Roman Emperor

Armoiries Bavière.svgShield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg
Coats of arms

Louis IV, the Bavarian
(1282–1347)
October 1314
11 October 1347
Far descendant of Henry IV and great-grandson of Lothair II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • Duke of Bavaria


House of Luxembourg






















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg


Holy Roman Emperor

Blason Boheme.svgShield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg
Coats of arms

Charles IV
(1316–1378)
11 July 1346
29 November 1378
Grandson of Henry VII

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Burgundy

  • Count of Luxemburg


Zikmund Zhořelecka radnice.jpg


Holy Roman Emperor

Sigismund Arms.svgArms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1433-c.1450).svg
Coats of arms

Sigismund
(1368–1437)
31 May 1433
9 December 1437
Son of Charles IV

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • King of Bohemia


  • King of Hungary and Croatia


House of Habsburg





























































































Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg

Arms of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.svg

Frederick III, the Peaceful
(1415–1493)
2 February 1440
19 August 1493
second cousin of Albert II of Germany, Emperor designate.

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • Archduke of Austria


Maximilian I as Emperor.JPG

Arms of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg

Maximilian I
(1459–1519)
19 August 1493
12 January 1519
Son of Frederick III

  • King of Germany

  • Archduke of Austria


Francesco Terzio 001.jpg

Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain -Or shield variant.svg

Charles V
(1500–1558)
28 June 1519 (crowned 1530)
16 January 1556
Grandson of Maximilian I

  • King of Germany

  • King of Italy

  • Archduke of Austria

  • King of Spain


  • Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy


Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg

Arms of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Ferdinand I
(1503–1564)
16 January 1556 (crowned 1558)
25 July 1564
Brother of Charles V

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg

Arms of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Maximilian II
(1527–1576)
25 July 1564
12 October 1576
Son of Ferdinand I

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Martino Rota - Emperor Rudolf II in Armour - WGA20140.jpg

Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Rudolph II[13]
(1552–1612)
12 October 1576
20 January 1612
Son of Maximilian II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Ritratto di Mattia d'Asburgo.jpg

Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Matthias
(1557–1619)
13 June 1612
20 March 1619
Brother of Rudolf II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Ferdinand II King of Bohemia Holy Roman Emperor.jpg

Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Ferdinand II
(1578–1637)
28 August 1619
15 February 1637
Cousin of Matthias

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Jan van den Hoecke - Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand III.jpg

Arms of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg

Ferdinand III
(1608–1657)
15 February 1637
2 April 1657
Son of Ferdinand II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Block Emperor Leopold I.jpg

Arms of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Leopold I
(1640–1705)
18 July 1658
5 May 1705
Son of Ferdinand III

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Jožef I. (1705-1711).jpg

Arms of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg

Joseph I
(1678–1711)
5 May 1705
17 April 1711
Son of Leopold I

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia

  • King of Hungary

  • King of Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Johann Gottfried Auerbach 002.JPG

Arms of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg

Charles VI
(1685–1740)
12 October 1711
20 October 1740
Brother of Joseph I



House of Wittelsbach















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.PNG

Arms of Charles VII Albert, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg

Charles VII
(1697–1745)
12 February 1742
20 January 1745
Great-great grandson of Ferdinand II; Son-in-law of Joseph I

  • King of Bohemia

  • Elector of Bavaria


House of Lorraine
















Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Joseph II Portrait with crown.jpg

Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg

Francis I
(1708–1765)
13 September 1745
18 August 1765
Great-grandson of Ferdinand III; Son-in-law of Charles VI

  • King of Germany

  • Archduke of Austria

  • Grand Duke of Tuscany

  • Duke of Lorraine


House of Habsburg-Lorraine





























Portrait
Coat of arms
Name
Reign
Relationship with predecessor(s)
Other title(s)

Kaiser Joseph II als Feldherr.JPG

Arms of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg

Joseph II
(1741–1790)
18 August 1765
20 February 1790
Son of Empress Maria Theresa, de facto ruler of the empire, and Francis I.

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia


  • King of Hungary and Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria


Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg

Arms of Leopold II and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperors-Or shield variant.svg

Leopold II
(1747–1792)
30 September 1790
1 March 1792
Son of Empress Maria Theresa,de facto ruler of the empire, and Francis I.

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia


  • King of Hungary and Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria

  • Grand Duke of Tuscany


Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor at age 25, 1792.png

Arms of Leopold II and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperors-Or shield variant.svg

Francis II
(1768–1835)
5 July 1792
6 August 1806
Son of Leopold II

  • King of Germany

  • King of Bohemia


  • King of Hungary and Croatia

  • Archduke of Austria

  • Emperor of Austria


Coronation



The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.[14] Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.




























































































































Emperor
Coronation date
Officiant
Location

Charles I
25 December 800

Pope Leo III

Rome, Italy

Louis I
5 October 816

Pope Stephen IV

Reims, France

Lothair I
5 April 823

Pope Paschal I
Rome, Italy

Louis II
15 June 844

Pope Leo IV
Rome, Italy

Charles II
29 December 875

Pope John VIII
Rome, Italy

Charles III
12 February 881
Rome, Italy

Guy III of Spoleto
21 February 891

Pope Stephen V
Rome, Italy

Lambert II of Spoleto
30 April 892

Pope Formosus

Ravenna, Italy

Arnulf of Carinthia
22 February 896
Rome, Italy

Louis III
15 or 22 February 901

Pope Benedict IV
Rome, Italy

Berengar
December 915

Pope John X
Rome, Italy

Otto I
2 February, 962

Pope John XII
Rome, Italy

Otto II
25 December, 967

Pope John XIII
Rome, Italy

Otto III
21 May, 996

Pope Gregory V

Monza, Italy

Henry II
14 February 1014

Pope Benedict VIII
Rome, Italy

Conrad II
26 March 1027

Pope John XIX
Rome, Italy

Henry III
25 December 1046

Pope Clement II
Rome, Italy

Henry IV
31 March 1084

Antipope Clement III
Rome, Italy

Henry V
13 April 1111

Pope Paschal II
Rome, Italy

Lothair III
4 June 1133

Pope Innocent II
Rome, Italy

Frederick I
18 June 1155

Pope Adrian IV
Rome, Italy

Henry VI
14 April 1191

Pope Celestine III
Rome, Italy

Otto IV
4 October 1209

Pope Innocent III
Rome, Italy

Frederick II
22 November 1220

Pope Honorius III
Rome, Italy

Henry VII
29 June 1312

Ghibellines cardinals
Rome, Italy

Louis IV
17 January 1328
Senator Sciarra Colonna
Rome, Italy

Charles IV
5 April 1355

Pope Innocent VI's cardinal
Rome, Italy

Sigismund
31 May 1433

Pope Eugenius IV
Rome, Italy

Frederick III
19 March 1452

Pope Nicholas V
Rome, Italy

Charles V
24 February 1530

Pope Clement VII

Bologna, Italy


See also







  • Concordat of Worms


  • Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in Europe.

  • First Council of the Lateran

  • Holy Roman Emperors family tree

  • Holy Roman Empress

  • King of the Romans

  • List of German monarchs

  • Holy Roman Empire

  • King of Italy

  • Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)


References




  1. ^ Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999, London, page 2


  2. ^ Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at Large – Page: 164


  3. ^ Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: The Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages: universal state or German catastrophe?


  4. ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, columns 2025–2028.


  5. ^ Bryce, James (1968). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. p. 530. 


  6. ^ The New International Encyclopædia vol. 10 (1927), p. 675


  7. ^ Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe vol. 1 (1932), p. 225.


  8. ^ Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89


  9. ^ Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.


  10. ^ Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor


  11. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2. 


  12. ^ Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor


  13. ^ Enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.


  14. ^ ” Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804), Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804, The HR Emperor, p. 1 







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