(unranked): (unranked): (unranked): (unranked): (unranked): Kingdom: Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 List of animal phyla Porifera Subkingdom Eumetazoa Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Xenacoelomorpha †Proarticulata Nephrozoa (unranked) Superphylum Deuterostomia Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Nematoda Nematomorpha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Onychophora Arthropoda Tardigrada Spiralia (unranked) Gnathifera (unranked) Gnathostomulida Chaetognatha Rotifera Mesozoa (unranked) Dicyemida Monoblastozoa Orthonectida Rouphozoa (unranked) Gastrotricha Platyhelminthes Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Annelida Bryozoa Brachiopoda Cycliophora Entoprocta Mollusca Nemertea Phoronida
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia . With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species in total. Animals range in length from 8.5 millionths of a metre to 33.6 metres (110 ft) and have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The study of animals is called zoology.
Most living animal species are in the Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes—in which many groups of invertebrates are found, such as nematodes, arthropods, and molluscs—and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and chordates (including the vertebrates). Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian. Many modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion which began around 542 million years ago. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago.
Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae , which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between animal taxa.
Humans make use of many other animal species for food, including meat, milk, and eggs; for materials, such as leather and wool; as pets; and as working animals for power and transport. Dogs have been used in hunting, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport. Non-human animals have appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion.
Contents 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 2.1 Structure 2.2 Reproduction and development 3 Ecology 4 Diversity 4.1 Largest and smallest 4.2 Numbers and habitats 5 Evolutionary origin 6 Phylogeny 6.1 Non-bilaterian animals 6.2 Bilaterian animals 6.2.1 Protostomes and deuterostomes 6.2.1.1 Ecdysozoa 6.2.1.2 Spiralia 7 History of classification 8 In human culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis having breath , having soul or living being .[1] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[2] In colloquial usage, as a consequence of anthropocentrism, the term animal is sometimes used nonscientifically to refer only to non-human animals.[3] [4] [5] [6]
Characteristics
Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early embryo (1) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2).
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular,[7] [8] unlike bacteria, which are prokaryotic, and unlike protists, which are eukaryotic but unicellular. Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients[9] animals are heterotrophic,[8] [10] feeding on organic material and digesting it internally.[11] With very few exceptions, animals breathe oxygen and respire aerobically.[12] All animals are motile[13] (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to most animals,[14] allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.
Structure All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[15] During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules.[16] In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[17] Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.[18]
With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated into tissues.[19] These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (as in flatworms) or two openings (as in deuterostomes).[20]
Reproduction and development See also: Sexual reproduction § Animals, and Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals
Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies.
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.[21] They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova.[22] These fuse to form zygotes,[23] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge.[24] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement.[25] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[26] In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.[27] These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.[28]
Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive traits.[29] [30] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.[31] In some species, such as the splendid fairywren (Malurus splendens ), females benefit by mating with multiple males, thus producing more offspring of higher genetic quality.[32]
Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids.[33] [34]
Ecology
Predators, such as this ultramarine flycatcher (
Ficedula superciliaris ), feed on other organisms.
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on how they obtain or consume organic material, including carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores,[35] and parasites.[36] Interactions between animals form complex food webs. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer-resource interaction where a predator feeds on another organism (called its prey ).[37] Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various anti-predator adaptations.[38] [39] Almost all multicellular predators are animals.[40] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,[41] but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.[42] Other animals may have very specific feeding behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles that primarily eat sponges.[43]
Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps
Most animals rely on the energy produced by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores eat plant material directly, while carnivores, and other animals on higher trophic levels, typically acquire energy (in the form of reduced carbon) by eating other animals. The carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules are broken down to allow the animal to grow and to sustain biological processes such as locomotion.[44] [45] [46] Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor do not depend on the energy of sunlight.[47] Rather, archaea and bacteria in these locations produce organic matter through chemosynthesis (by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as methane) and form the base of the local food web.[48]
Animals originally evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510–471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician.[49] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago.[50] [51] Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and microhabitats, including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks.[52] Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F).[53] Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica.[54]
Diversity
The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.
Largest and smallest Further information: Largest organisms and Smallest organisms
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus ) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 metric tonnes and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.[55] [56] [57] The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana ), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes[55] and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[55] The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus , which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes.[58] Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm,[59] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel ) is no more than 8.5 µm when fully grown.[60]
Numbers and habitats The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the animal groups with the largest numbers of species,[61] along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,[62] and marine),[63] and free-living or parasitic ways of life.[64] Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[65] Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.[66] [67] [a]
Example No. of Free- Annelids 17,000[61] Yes (soil)[63] Yes[63] 1,750[62] Yes 400[64] Arthropods 1,257,000[61] 1,000,000[69] >40,000[70] 94,000[62] Yes[63] >45,000[b] [64] Bryozoa 6,000[61] Yes[63] 60-80[62] Yes Chordates 65,000[61] [71] [71] [71] 18,000[62] [71] Yes 40[72] [64] Cnidaria 16,000[61] Yes[63] Yes (few)[63] Yes[63] >1,350[64] Echinoderms 7,500[61] 7,500[61] Yes[63] Molluscs 85,000[61] [73] [73] [73] 5,000[62] [73] Yes[63] >5,600[64] Nematodes 25,000[61] Yes (soil)[63] 4,000[65] 2,000[62] 11,000[65] 14,000[65] Platyhelminthes 29,500[61] Yes[74] Yes[63] 1,300[62] Yes[63] >40,000[64] Rotifers 2,000[61] >400[75] 2,000[62] Yes Sponges 10,800[61] Yes[63] 200-300[62] Yes Yes[76] Total number of described species as of 2013: 1,525,728[61]
Evolutionary origin Further information: Urmetazoan
If
Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota, (c. 635–542 Mya), is indeed an animal, then it is one of the earliest animal species known.
The first fossils that might represent animals appear in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as being early sponges.[77]
The next oldest fossils that could be animals are found in the Ediacaran biota, towards the end of the Precambrian, around 610 million years ago.[78] [79] These are difficult to relate to later fossils. Some may represent precursors of modern phyla, but they may be separate groups, and it is possible they are not animals at all.[80]
Anomalocaris canadensis is one of the many animal species that emerged in the Cambrian explosion, starting some 542 million years ago, and found in the fossil beds of the Burgess shale.
Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 542 million years ago, in beds such as the Burgess shale. Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods, echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously.[81] [82] [83] [84]
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.[85] Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.[86] However, similar tracks are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica , so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.[87] [88] Around the same time, another line of evidence may indicate the appearance of grazing animals: the layered mats of microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing.[89]
Phylogeny Further information: Lists of animals
Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are sister of the Choanoflagellata their sister clade with which they form the Apoikozoa.[90] The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry, but their relationships are still disputed. As of 2017, the Porifera are considered the basalmost animals.[91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] An alternative to the Porifera could be the Ctenophora,[97] [98] [99] [100] which like the Porifera lack hox genes, important in body plan development. These genes are found in the Placozoa[101] [102] and the higher animals, the Bilateria.[103] [104] 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of development.[105] [106]
The phylogenetic tree (of major lineages only) indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya ) the lineages split.[107] [108] [109] [110]
Choanoflagellata
Animalia Porifera
Ctenophora
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Xenacoelomorpha
Chordata
Echinodermata and allies
Arthropoda and allies
Nematoda and allies
>529 mya Rotifera and allies
Chaetognatha
Platyhelminthes and allies
Mollusca
Annelida and allies
550 mya
580 mya
610 mya
650 mya
Triploblasts
680 mya
760 mya
950 mya
Non-bilaterian animals
Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) probably diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum.[111] Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla;[112] their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues.[113] They typically feed by drawing in water through pores.[114]
The Ctenophora (comb jellies) and Cnidaria (which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.[115] Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into organs.[116] They are diploblastic, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.[117] The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.[118] [119]
Bilaterian animals Main articles: Bilateria and Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry
Idealised bilaterian body plan.
[c] With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable peristaltic motion.
The remaining animals, the great majority – comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species – form a clade, the Bilateria. The body is triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. Animals with this bilaterally symmetric body plan and a tendency to move in one direction have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.[120] [121]
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body;[121] these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by peristalsis.[122] They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, there are exceptions to each of these characteristics; for example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.[120] [121]
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.[123] The basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha.[124] [125] [126]
Protostomes and deuterostomes Further information: Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in deuterostomes it becomes the anus.
Main articles: Protostome and Deuterostome
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage.[127] [128] [129] Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.[130]
The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata.[131] Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[132] The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones),[133] which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.[134] The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms).[135] [136]
Ecdysozoa
Ecdysis: a dragonfly has emerged from its dry exuviae and is expanding its wings. Like other arthropods, its body is divided into segments.
Main article: Ecdysozoa
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting.[137] They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water;[138] some are important parasites.[139] Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.[140]
Spiralia Main article: Spiralia
Spiral cleavage in a sea snail embryo
The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo.[141] The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such as the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and the flatworms. All of these are grouped as the Platytrochozoa, which has a sister group, the Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers.[142] [143]
The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts.[142] [144] [145] The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as earthworms, lugworms, and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share trochophore larvae.[146] [147]
History of classification Further information: Taxonomy (biology), History of zoology (through 1859), and History of zoology since 1859
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led the creation of a modern classification of invertebrates, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.
[148] In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals,[d] based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously-generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.[149]
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae .[150] In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a sort of chaos)[e] and split the group into three new phyla, worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique , Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.[148]
In his 1817 Le Règne Animal , Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements ("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).[152] This division into four was followed by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1860.[153]
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges.[154] [153] The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.[155]
In human culture
Sides of beef in a slaughterhouse
Main article: Animals in culture
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.[156] [157] Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food. A smaller number of species are farmed commercially.[156] [158] [159] [160] [157] [161] [162] [163] [164] Dyestuffs including carmine (cochineal),[165] [166] shellac,[167] [168] and kermes[169] [170] have been made from the bodies of insects. Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.[171]
Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models.[172] [173] [174] [175] Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century.[176] Some medicines such as the cancer drug Yondelis are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin.[177]
A gun dog retrieving a duck during a hunt
People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals,[178] and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals,[179] while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish.[180] Poison dart frogs have been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts.[181] [182] [183] reptiles such as snakes and chameleons,[184] and birds including canaries, parakeets and parrots[185] all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits.[186] [187] [188] There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own.[189] [190]
Artistic vision:
Still Life with Lobster and Oysters by Alexander Coosemans, c. 1660
Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in Ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major animal paintings include Albrecht Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros , and George Stubbs's c. 1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket .[191] Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,[192] such as in giant bug movies.[193] [194] [195] Animals including insects[196] and mammals[197] feature in mythology and religion. In both Japan and Europe, a butterfly was seen as the personification of a person's soul,[196] [198] [199] while the scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt.[200] Among the mammals, cattle,[201] deer,[197] horses,[202] lions,[203] bats[204] and wolves[205] are the subjects of myths and worship. The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals.[206] [207]
See also Animal attacks Animal coloration Ethology Fauna List of animal names Lists of organisms by population
Notes ^ The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000 insect species for Canada alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).[68] ^ Not including parasitoids.[64] ^ Compare File:Annelid redone w white background.svg for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan. ^ In his History of Animals and Parts of Animals . ^ The prefix une espèce de is pejorative.[151] References ^ Cresswell, Julia (2010). The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954793-7. 'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'. ^ "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. ^ "animal". English Oxford Living Dictionaries . 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Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Animal
Animalia
Ctenophora (comb jellies) ParaHoxozoa
Planulozoa
Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Xenoturbellida (Xenoturbella) Nephrozoa
Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
Chordata lancelets tunicates Ambulacraria Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Scalidophora Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) Priapulida (penis worms)
N+L+P
Nematoida Nematoda (roundworms) Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) L+P
Loricifera (corset animals) Panarthropoda
Onychophora (velvet worms) Tactopoda Arthropoda (arthropods) Tardigrada (waterbears)
Spiralia
Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Gnathostomulida (jaw worms) M+S Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia) Rotifera (wheel animals) Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
Platytrochozoa
R+M
Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Monoblastozoa (Salinella) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
Lophotrochozoa
Cycliophora (Symbion) Annelida (ringed worms) M+K
Kryptotrochozoa
Lophophorata
Bryozoa Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta (moss animals) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda (lamp shells) Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
Major groups Sponges Hexactinellid Demosponge Calcareous Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Medusozoa inc. jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc. starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates/Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods/Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Sipuncula Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells
Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts
Eukaryota
Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Animal Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida
Green algaes.s. Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybophyceae Mesostigmatophyceae Spirotaenia
Cryptista A+H Ancoracysta twista SAR
Halvaria
Alveolata Ciliates Acavomonadia Colponemidia Myzozoa Bicosoecea Developea Hyphochytrea Ochrophyta Peronosporomycota Pirsoniomycota Placidozoa Platysulcea Sagenista
Rhizaria Filosa Phytomyxea Vampyrellidea
Incertae sedis Kamera lens
Discoba
Loukozoa Ancyromonadida Malawimonadea Podiata
Amorphea
Amoebozoa Obazoa
Opisthokonta
Holomycota Cristidiscoidea Opisthosporidia True fungi Holozoa
Filozoa Choanoflagellates Filasterea Metazoa or Animals
CRuMs Diphyllatea Mantamonadida Rigifilida
Incertae sedis Parakaryon myojinensis †Acritarcha †Charnia †Gakarusia †Galaxiopsis †Grypania †Leptoteichos Major kingdoms are underlined . See also: protist. Sources and alternative views: Wikispecies.
Elements of nature
Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere (Earth) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life
Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Organism Viruses
Category:Nature Portal:Science
Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q729 Wikispecies: Animalia ADW: Animalia EoL: 1 EPPO: 1ANIMK Fauna Europaea: 1 Fossilworks: 325038 GBIF: 1 iNaturalist: 1 ITIS: 202423 NZOR: f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0 uBio: 230572 WoRMS: 2 ZooBank: 0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231
BNF: cb119328694 (data) GND: 4060087-7 LCCN: sh85005249 NARA: 10637132 NDL: 00561523
Categories:
Animals Kingdoms (biology) Cryogenian first appearances Hidden categories:
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