Turridae
Five views of a shell of Turris crispa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Clade:	Caenogastropoda
Clade:	Hypsogastropoda
Clade:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838)
Genera
See text
Synonyms[1]
Pleurotomidae

Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. ^[1]

The family name Turridae was originally given to a very large group of several thousand sea snail species that were thought to be closely related. The family was described with about 700 genus-group taxa and an estimated 10,000 Recent and fossil species.^[2] However, that original grouping was discovered to be polyphyletic.

In recent years, the family Turridae has been much reduced in size, because a number of other families were created to contain the monophyletic lineages that had previously been thought to belong in the same family.

The common name "turrids" is still used informally to refer to the polyphyletic group.

Distribution[edit]

Species in the family Turridae are found worldwide; most are found in the neritic zone.

Shell description[edit]

The shape of the shells is more or less fusiform. The whorls are elongate to broadly conical.

Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete worms) or in self-defense.^[3] Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.^[4]

Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.

History of the taxonomy[edit]

The family Turridae, in the older broadest sense of the group, was in the past perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa,^[5] which were complicated by their species diversity.^[6] Although some species were relatively common, many were rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that made studying the group difficult. Turridiae was in this sense a heterogenous family that contained, more or less, all conoideans not included in the Conidae and Terebridae. Most of this was based on radula and shell characters. Taylor et al. (1993) tried to rely more on anatomical characters and moved several subfamilies from Turridae to Conidae.^[7]

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this family consisted of the following five subfamilies:^[8]

• 
  Turrinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.)


• 
  Cochlespirinae Powell, 1942


• 
  Crassispirinae McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875


• 
  Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003


• 
  Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971

2011 taxonomy

The 2005 classification system for the group was greatly changed by the 2011 publication of an article revising the taxonomy of the superfamily Conoidea, Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. The authors presented a new classification of the superfamily Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008.^[9] The polyphyletic family Turridae was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera)^[10]

• Conorbidae


• Borsoniidae


• Clathurellidae


• Mitromorphidae


• Mangeliidae


• Raphitomidae


• Cochlespiridae


• Drilliidae


• 
  Pseudomelatomidae (= Crassispiridae)


• Clavatulidae


• Horaiclavidae


• Turridae s.s.
  


• Strictispiridae

Current genera[edit]

Genera in the family Turridae sensu stricto, now include:^[11]

Polystira albida

• † Coronia de Gregorio, 1890


• 
  Cryptogemma Dall, 1918


• † Daphnobela Cossmann, 1896


• 
  Decollidrillia Habe & Ito, 1965


• † Eopleurotoma Cossmann, 1889


• 
  Epidirella Iredale, 1913


• 
  Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875


• 
  Iotyrris Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001


• 
  Kuroshioturris Shuto, 1961


• 
  Lophiotoma Casey, 1904


• 
  Lucerapex Iredale, 1936


• 
  Pinguigemmula McNeil, 1961


• 
  Pleuroliria De Gregorio, 1890


• 
  Polystira Woodring, 1928


• 
  Pseudexomilus Powell, 1944


• 
  Ptychosyrinx Thiele, 1925


• 
  Turridrupa Hedley, 1922


• 
  Turris Röding, 1798 - type genus


• 
  Unedogemmula MacNeil, 1961


• 
  Xenuroturris Iredale, 1929

Synonymy

• 
  Annulaturris Powell, 1966 accepted as Turris Batsch, 1789


• 
  Austrogemmula Laseron, 1954 accepted as Epidirella Iredale, 1913


• 
  Bathybermudia Haas, 1949 accepted as Ptychosyrinx Thiele, 1925


• 
  Clamturris Iredale, 1931 accepted as Xenuroturris Iredale, 1929


• 
  Eugemmula Iredale, 1931 accepted as Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875


• 
  Lophioturris Powell, 1964 accepted as Lophiotoma Casey, 1904


• 
  Oxytropa Glibert, 1955 accepted as Polystira Woodring, 1928


• 
  Pleurotoma Lamarck, 1799 accepted as Turris Batsch, 1789

Subfamily ?Strictispirinae McLean, 1971 accepted as Strictispiridae McLean, 1971

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Grant, U. S. & H. R. Gale, 1931 [3 November], Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions; with notes on their morphology, classification, and nomenclature and a special treatment of the Pectinidae and the Turridae (including a few Miocene and Recent species), together with a summary of the stratigraphic relations of the formations involved. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 1: 1036 pp., 32 pls.


• Powell, A. W. B., 1942 [15 July], The New Zealand Recent and fossil Mollusca of the family Turridae with general notes on turrid nomenclature and systematics. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2: 188 pp., 14 pls.


• 
  Powell A. W. B. (1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227–345.


• Morrison, J. P. E., 1966 [28 February], On the families of Turridae. The American Malacological Union. Annual Reports, for 1965: 1–2


• Oyama, K., 1966, On living Japanese Turridae. Venus, 25(1): 1–20


• Powell, A. W. B., 1966, The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae, an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with list of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 5: 184 pp., 23 pls.


• Powell, A. W. B., 1969 [9 September], The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 2. The subfamily Turriculinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2(10): 207–415, pls. 188–324


• Sabelli, B. & G. Spada, 1977, Guida illustrata all'identificazione delle conchiglie del Mediterraneo. Fam. Turridae I. Conchiglie, 13(3–4[Supplemento]): 2 pp., 1 pl.


• Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae." Ann. Natal. Mus. 25: 549–585.


• McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific". Veliger 14: 114–130


• Vera Peláez, J. L., J. Martinell & M. C. Lozano-Francisco, 1999 [June], Turridae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) of the Lower Pliocene from Malaga (Spain). Iberus, 17(1): 1–1


• Vera peláez, J. L., 2002 [29 November], Revision de la familia Turridae, excepto Clavatulinae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) en el Plioceno de las cuencas de Estepona, Malaga y Velez Malaga (Malaga, S Espana) con la descripcion de 26 especies nuevas. Pliocenica, 2: 176–262


• 
  Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295*


• Kilburn, Richard N., Alexander E. Fedosov, and Baldomero M. Olivera. "Revision of the genus Turris (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species." Zootaxa 3244.1 (2012): 1

External links[edit]

• W.H. Dall (1918) Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the family Turritidae; Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 54 (1918)


• 
  (older) Turrid Classification^{[permanent dead link]}


• 
  Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295.


• Sealifebase: Species mentioned in Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295

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