草原

Multi tool use草原,是以草本植物為主,可為家畜、野生動物提供生存場所的地區。
天山草原,
是屬於草原地帶。
這個草原的地勢平坦空曠,氣候較乾燥,雨量較少。
类型
草原由大气、土壤、生物等共同作用形成。其中,大气温度、降水量占主导地位。
中国草原面积约31908万公顷,约占全国面积的33.6%,可利用22434万公顷,分布在中国西北部。从大兴安岭,经黄土高原北部缘,至横断山脉划一斜线,线以西为草原区,以东为农耕区。
位于巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和静县的巴音布鲁克草原,是中国第二大草原
温带草原
發生在歐亞大陸內部,位於溫帶沙漠區的外緣,如中國蒙新諸省、中亞。歐俄南部及美國西部山麓平原等地。此內陸地區年中主賴夏季海洋季風及熱力對流而降雨,歐俄烏克蘭及中亞草原雨量冬期較多,乃受地中海氣旋之賜。
热带草原
發生於南、北半球副熱帶高壓的兩側,環繞熱帶沙漠而分布,代表地區為北非撒哈拉沙漠的外緣、西南亞洲、北美西南部及南半球的澳洲。其位向赤道一方者,夏季與熱帶莽原氣候(Tropical Savanna Climate,Aw)相接,降雨量集中夏季,屬於夏雨型熱帶草原(BShw)。位向極地一方者,冬期因西風帶南移,與地中海型氣候相連,降雨偏集在冬期,為冬雨型熱帶草原(BShs)。
生态
植物
- 基本为地面芽植物,尤其丛生禾草,是群落的建造者。
- 地下芽植物,如根茎禾草、苔草,在不少草原(轻质土壤)上占优势。
双子叶的杂草,也很丰富。如菊科、豆科、蔷薇科的一些种,在靠近森林(水分较好)地段繁茂发育,与禾草共占优势,根系深,贮藏水、养分。干旱区一些杂草根系至地下分枝,深度达禾草的2倍。
- 地上芽植物(不高的半灌木)尤其在接近荒漠地区,有时达优势,如欧亚大陆草原的锦鸡儿、亚菊、蒿、地肤等属的一些种。
- 高位芽植物中的乔木,广布于热带稀树草原中,如非洲的阿当松氏金合欢、大洋洲的桉树等,具顶部平展的伞状树冠。
- 种子越冬的一年生植物,在地中海气候的草原地区,有一类短生植物,常在春季繁茂发育,如球茎早熟禾、二花郁金香等。
苔藓、地衣、藻类也是草原上常见类群,位于地表,只利用土面、土壤表层的水、养分。
演替
草原的发生可追溯到700万年前。从中新世到第四纪中期,喜马拉雅山、昆仑山、天山、阿尔泰山、青藏高原先后隆起,同时东部临海地区隆升许多山地,蒙古高原、黄土高原的形成。地形的抬升阻挡了北大西洋、印度洋湿气流东上,也减弱了太平洋湿气流的西进,使中国北部逐渐寒冷、干旱。中新世时期,中国干旱区大致为稀树草原,仅在部分山地形成了草原群落片段;中新世末,形成于山地的草原群落下降到平地,往东侵移。第四纪时期的冰期、间冰期交替,促进了南、北及山上、下植物的交流,逐渐奠定了现代草原的轮廓。
物质循环
参见:生物地质化学循环
氮循环:共生固氮菌,特别是豆科植物的根瘤菌,对氮的输入起重要作用。在适宜条件下,根瘤菌在人工草地上的年固氮量达100~300千克/公顷。多数天然草地上豆科植物较少,卢多维奇氏蒿、纤细仙人掌等植物也能与根瘤菌共生。氮素可通过动物移动,植物收割、挥发、淋溶等流出损失。人为取走大量动植物产品,可使氮循环失衡。须施氮肥、种植豆科牧草增加氮素输入。
氧循环:草原土壤中磷量,与气温密切联系。可利用的有机磷常超过无机磷。植物吸收的磷仅为一小部分。食草动物摄取的磷,约60%以上通过粪便排出,归还土壤。大部分磷在有机物残体中长期保存下来。分解者对磷的摄取近5倍于植物吸收量,有机磷的矿化量与磷的摄取量接近平衡。
参见
规范控制 | - AAT: 300008874
- NARA: 10638949
- NDL: 01025306
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