Republic of Venda Riphabuliki ya Venda Republiek van Venda
Bantustan (nominal parliamentary democracy)
1979–1994
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Shumela Venda"  (Venda) "Always Aspire for Venda"
Anthem: Pfano na vhuthihi  (Venda)a Peace and Togetherness
Location of Venda in Southern Africa.
Status	Bantustan
Capital	Thohoyandou
Common languages	Venda English Afrikaans
President
• 1979–1988	Patrick Mphephu
• 1988–1990	Frank Ravele
Head of State
• 1990–1994	Gabriel Ramushwana
• Jan–Apr 1994	Tshamano G. Ramabulana
Establishment
• Self-government	1 February 1973
• Nominal independence	13 September 1979
• Dissolution	28 April 1994
Area
1980[1]	7,410 km2 (2,860 sq mi)
Population
• 1980[1]	315,545
• 1991[2]	558,797
Currency	South African rand
Preceded by Succeeded by South Africa South Africa
Anthem of Venda at nationalanthems.info.

Venda (/ˈvɛndə/) was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the Limpopo province. Venda was founded as a homeland by the South African government for the Venda people, speakers of the Venda language.^[3] The United Nations and international community refused to recognise Venda (or any other Bantustan) as an independent state.

History[edit]

Internal borders, Venda in red

Historical states in present-day South Africa
before 1600 Kingdom of Mapungubwe (1050–1270) Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760)
1600–1700 Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1795)
1700–1800 Mthethwa Paramountcy (c.1780–1817) Ndwandwe (c.1780–1817) Swellendam (1795) Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796) Cape Colony (1795–1802)
1800–1850 Dutch Cape Colony (1802–1806) Cape Colony (1806–1910) Waterboer's Land (1813–1871) Zulu Kingdom (1818–1897) Adam Kok's Land (1825–1861) Winburg (1836–1844) Potchefstroom (1837–1848) Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
1850–1875 South African Republic (1852–1902) Orange Free State (1854–1902) Republic of Utrecht (1854–1858) Lydenburg Republic (1856–1860) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1880) Diggers' Republic (1870–71)
1875–1900 Stellaland (1882–1885) Goshen (1882–83) Nieuw Republiek (1884–1888) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891)
1900–present Cape Colony (1806–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) Republic of South Africa (1961–present)
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Venda was declared self-governing on 1 February 1973,^[4] with elections held later in the year.^[5] Further elections were held in July 1978.^[5] The territory was declared independent by the South African government on 13 September 1979 and its residents lost their South African citizenship.^[6][7] In common with other Bantustans, its independence was not recognised by the international community.

Venda was initially a series of non-contiguous territories in the Transvaal, with one main part and one main exclave. Its capital, formerly at Sibasa, was moved to Thohoyandou (which included the old Sibasa administrative district) when Venda was declared independent in 1979. Prior to independence it was expanded to form one contiguous territory, with a total land area of 6,807 km².^[3] In the 1984 elections the ruling Venda Independence People's Party (VIPP) lost to the Venda National Party (VNP).^[5]

At independence in 1979, the population of Vhavenda stood at about 200,000 people. The state was cut off from neighbouring Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor, patrolled by South African troops, to the North, and from nearby Mozambique by the Kruger National Park.^[3]

The first President of Venda, Patrick Mphephu, was also a Paramount Chief of the Vhavenda people; he was born and lived in Dzanani in Limpopo. His successor, Orifuna Ndou, was overthrown in a military coup by the Venda Defence Force in 1990, after which the territory was ruled by the Council of National Unity. Venda was re-absorbed into South Africa on 27 April 1994.^[4]

Institutions of education[edit]

In 1982, the University of Venda known as Univen was established as an institution of higher learning for the Vhavenda people.^[8] Being nominally independent it was able to set up a casino in the early 1980s, staffed mainly by British workers. This would not have been legally possible in South Africa proper.^{[citation needed]}

Districts in 1991[edit]

Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.^[2]

• 
  Dzanani: 123,035


• 
  Mutale: 244,532


• 
  Thohoyandou: 136,089


• 
  Vuwani: 55,141

See also[edit]

• Heads of State of Venda


• 
  Venda people (Vhavenda), the ethnic group who live mostly in the Limpopo province in South Africa.


• Venda Defence Force

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Lahiff, E. (2000) An Apartheid Oasis?: Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Venda, Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5137-0.