担子菌门

Multi tool use担子菌门
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《自然界的藝術形態》(1904年),圖版 63: Basimycetes
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科学分类 
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界: | 真菌界 Fungi
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亚界: | 双核亚界 Dikarya
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门: | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota R.T. Moore, 1980
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亞門及科
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伞菌亚门 Agaricomycotina
柄锈菌亚门 Pucciniomycotina
黑粉菌亚门 Ustilaginomycotina
地位未定
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毒蠅傘
Amanita muscaria (傘菌目)
担子菌门(学名:Basidiomycota)是一类高等真菌,构成雙核亞界,包含2万多种,包括蘑菇、木耳等主要食用菌。更具体地说,担子菌门包括以下组:蘑菇,马勃,stinkhorns(鬼筆科),支架真菌,和人体致病酵母隐球菌属等等。
担子菌门的真菌基本全为陆生品种,主要特征是由多细胞,有横隔膜的菌丝体组成,菌丝分为两种,初生菌丝体的细胞只有一个细胞核,次生菌丝体的细胞有两个核,两个核的次生菌丝体可以形成一种子实体,称为担子果(basidioma , basidiocarp),经过有性繁殖过程,在担子上生成4个有性担孢子(basidiospores);沒有無性孢子。
担子菌门的真菌种类繁多,有可以食用的,有可以药用的,也有许多种类有毒,与人类的生活关系较大。担子负于担子果上,除锈菌和黑粉菌外担子果多大而显著。
分类
由67位真菌学家一个联合所采用的最新的分类[1]认可三种亚门(柄锈菌亚门,黑粉菌亚门,伞菌亚门)和两个其他纲级别的类群(节担菌纲,根肿黑粉菌纲),除了担子菌门之外。截至目前分类的亚门合并,和削减了在以前常用来描述担子菌门的各种过时的分类种群(见下文)。根据2008年的估计,担子菌门包括三个亚门(其中包括6名未分配的纲)16个纲,52个目,177个科,1589个属,31515个物种[2]。
传统上,担子菌门分为现在已废弃的两大类:
异担子菌纲 (Heterobasidiomycetes)
同担子菌纲 (Homobasidiomycetes)
参考资料
^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. May 2007, 111 (5): 509–547. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.
^ Kirk, P.M., P.F. Cannon & J.A. Stalpers 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed., CABI. pp. 78–79.
後鞭毛生物:真菌分類表
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| - 域
- 古菌
- 细菌
- 真核生物
- (界
- 植物
- Hacrobia
- 不等鞭毛类
- 囊泡虫
- 有孔虫
- 古虫
- 变形虫
- 动物
真菌)
| | 雙核亞界 |
子囊菌門 |
酵母菌类 |
盤菌亞門 |
錘舌菌类 | 地舌菌纲 · 座囊菌类 (星裂菌綱/ 座囊菌綱) · 散囊菌綱 · 茶漬綱 · 糞殼菌类 【錘舌菌綱 (糞殼菌綱/ 蟲囊菌綱)】 · 李基那地衣綱
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| 其他 | 圓盤菌綱 · 盤菌綱
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| 酵母亞門 | 酵母綱 |
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| 外囊菌亞門 | 古根菌綱 · 粒毛盤菌綱 · 肺孢子菌綱 · 裂殖酵母綱 · 外囊菌綱
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| 擔子菌門 | 锈菌亚门 · 黑粉菌亞門 · 傘菌亞門 · 鏽菌綱
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| 球囊菌門 | 球囊菌綱(球囊霉目 · 多孢囊霉目 · 類球囊霉目 · 原囊霉目)
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| 接合菌門 |
毛霉亞門 | 內囊霉目 · 毛霉目 (刺枝霉科、笄霉科、小克銀漢霉科、吉爾霉科、毛霉科、蒲头霉科、须霉科、水玉霉科、輻枝霉科、瓶霉科、共頭霉科、枝霉科、伞状霉科) · 被孢霉目
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| 蟲霉亞門 | 蟲霉目 (擔子霉科、新月霉科)
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| 梳霉亞門 | 内孢毛菌目 · 梳霉目 · 雙珠霉目 · 鉤孢毛菌目
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| 捕蟲霉亞門 | 捕蟲霉目 |
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| 其他 | 芽枝霉门 · 壺菌門/新美鞭菌門 · 微孢子虫门
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真核生物
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| - 域
- 古菌
- 细菌
- 真核生物
- (界
- 植物
- Hacrobia
- 不等鞭毛类
- 囊泡虫
- 有孔虫
- 古虫
- 变形虫
- 动物
真菌)
| | 双鞭毛生物 |
多貌生物 |
AH |
原始色素体生物(A),或广义植物
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| 定鞭/隐藻生物(H), 或非SAR超类群的囊泡藻
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| SAR |
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| 古虫界 | |
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| 无根虫门 | 无根单胞虫目
弯单胞虫目
半主虫目
- Hemimastix
- Spironema
- Stereonema
- Breviata
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| 单鞭毛生物 |
变形虫界 | |
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| 后鞭毛生物 |
动物总界 |
Mesomycetozoea | |
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| 蜷丝生物 |
蜷丝球虫纲 | |
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| 领鞭毛虫纲 | - 领鞭毛虫
- Salpingoecidae
- Acanthoecidae
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| 动物界或 “后生动物” | |
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| 菌物总界 |
真菌界 | 双核亚界
- 球囊菌门
- 接合菌门
- 芽枝霉门
- 壶菌门
- 新美鞭菌门
- 微孢子虫门
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| 核形虫类 | - Nuclearia
- Micronuclearia
- Rabdiophrys
- Pinaciophora
- 泡轮虫属
- Fonticula
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| 来源: Adl et al. (2005), Adl et al. (2012), Cavalier-Smith (2008). |
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