維蘇威火山

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维苏威火山 |
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 維蘇威火山鳥瞰圖
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海拔 | 1,281米(4,203英尺) |
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地點 |
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維蘇威火山的位置 |
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地點 |
義大利
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坐标 | 40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433坐标:40°49′N 14°26′E / 40.817°N 14.433°E / 40.817; 14.433
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地質學 |
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類型 | 活火山
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岩石年代 | 25,000年 |
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最近噴發 | 1944年 |
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攀山 |
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最簡路線
| 徒步 |
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维苏威火山(Vesuvio)是欧洲的一座活火山,位于意大利南部那不勒斯湾东海岸,同世界名城那不勒斯相距不過20公里。海拔1,281米(4,203英尺)。
维苏威在公元79年的一次大喷发,摧毁了当时拥有2万多人的庞贝城,其他几个有名的海滨城市如赫库兰尼姆、斯塔比亚等也遭到严重破坏。直到18世纪中叶,考古学家才将庞贝古城从数米厚的火山灰中发掘出来,古老建筑和姿态各异的尸体都保存完好,这一史实已为世人熟知,讓今人明白其滅亡的根本原因,庞贝古城也成为意大利著名旅游胜地。
地理成因
维苏威火山的形成是非洲板块和欧亚板块相互碰撞的结果。非洲板块的富含水分的洋底地壳俯冲到亚欧板块之下,其中的水分挥发,使得俯冲带后部(即北部)的上地幔融化,较轻的物质上升在地壳的薄弱处形成了弧后火山。根据在火山四周的钻探取样,该火山大约25,000年前开始喷发形成。维苏威火山在历史上喷发过很多次。最近的一次喷发发生在1944年,是欧洲大陆在近一百年内喷发过的火山之一。 即使到现在,游客们經常能在游览这座火山时看到火山口冒出白烟。
公元79年的喷发
公元62年5月,那波勒斯湾发生一次大地震。这是火山大喷发的前奏。公元79年8月20日开始一系列持续了4天的小规模地震,但古罗马人对这一地区的地震早习以为常。8月24日日中,维苏威火山突然开始喷发,火山灰云柱直冲33km高空,火山碎屑以1.5 Mt/s的强度喷出,随着当天的风向火山灰在庞贝城落下了3厘米厚,使得屋顶温度达140 °C ,这是逃生的最后机会。随着喷出的炽热水蒸汽的耗尽,火山烟云柱失去了内在支撑,在当夜或者次日早晨,发生了六次致命的炽热的火山碎屑流,赫库兰尼姆在第一波高达500摄氏度的火山碎屑流袭击下,尸骸瞬间碳化无存。而距离稍远的庞贝城是被第四次火山碎屑流袭击,这时温度仅300摄氏度,因此很多遇难者遗体甚至衣物都保存在火山灰下;据估计在倒塌的房顶下的温度也达到100 °C。8月25日下午火山喷發结束。
小普林尼在那不勒斯湾西岸现今的巴科利目睹了35km外火山喷发全过程,并留下了书面报告。火山喷发致死了16,000人。
外部連結
- 紀錄片-維蘇威火山的陰影(國語版) - Youtube
十年火山
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| - 阿瓦恰火山
- 科利馬火山
- 埃特纳火山
- 加勒拉斯火山
- 科里亚克火山
- 冒纳罗亚火山
- 默拉皮火山
- 尼拉贡戈火山
- 雷尼尔山
- 樱岛火山
- 聖地亞古多火山
- 圣多里尼火山
- 塔阿尔火山
- 泰德峰
- 烏拉旺火山
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- 維蘇威火山
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规范控制 | - WorldCat Identities
- BNF: cb12039932b (data)
- GND: 4108229-1
- LCCN: sh85142963
- NARA: 10038241
- NKC: ge292699
- VIAF: 246126882
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