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Janka hardness test








Janka hardness test


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The Janka hardness test (from the Austrian-born emigrant Gabriel Janka, 1864-1932) measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an 11.28 millimetres (0.444 in) diameter steel ball halfway into a sample of wood. A common use of Janka hardness ratings is to determine whether a species is suitable for use as flooring.


The hardness of wood varies with the direction of the wood grain. Testing on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the grain, is said to be of "side hardness". Testing the cut surface of a stump is called a test of "end hardness".[citation needed] Side hardness may be further divided into "radial hardness" and "tangential hardness", although the differences are minor and often neglected.


The results are stated in various ways, which can lead to confusion, especially when the actual units employed are often not attached. Overall, the resulting measure is always one of force. In the United States, the measurement is in pounds-force (lbf). In Sweden it is in kilograms-force (kgf), and in Australia, either in newtons (N) or kilonewtons (kN). This confusion is greatest when the results are treated as units, for example "660 Janka".[1]


The Janka hardness test results tabulated below were done in accordance with ASTM D 1037-12 testing methods. Lumber stocks tested range from 1" to 2" thick. The tabulated Janka hardness numbers are an average. There is a standard deviation associated with each species, but these values are not given.[citation needed] No testing was done on actual flooring. Other factors affect how flooring performs: the type of core for engineered flooring such as pine, HDF, poplar, oak, birch; grain direction and thickness; floor or top wear surface, etc. The chart is not to be considered an absolute; it is meant to help people understand which woods are harder than others.



Typical Janka hardness values[edit]



















































































































































































































































































































































































Typical Janka side hardness
Species
Force: pounds-force (newtons)

Australian Buloke[2]
5,060 lbf (22,500 N)

5060
 


Schinopsis brasiliensis, Quebracho, Barauna, Chamacoco[3]
4,800 lbf (21,000 N)

4800
 


Schinopsis balansae, Quebracho Colorado, Red Quebracho[4]
4,570 lbf (20,300 N)

4570
 


Lignum vitae, Guayacan, Pockenholz
4,500 lbf (20,000 N)

4500
 


Piptadenia Macrocarpa, Curupay, Angico Preto, Brazilian Tiger Mahogany
3,840 lbf (17,100 N)

3840
 


Snakewood, Letterhout, Piratinera Guinensis
3,800 lbf (17,000 N)

3800
 


Brazilian Olivewood
3,700 lbf (16,000 N)

3700
 


Brazilian Ebony
3,700 lbf (16,000 N)

3700
 


Ipê, Brazilian Walnut, Lapacho
3,684 lbf (16,390 N)

3684
 


African Pearwood, Moabi
3,680 lbf (16,400 N)

3680
 


Grey Ironbark
3,664 lbf (16,300 N)

3664
 


Bolivian Cherry
3,650 lbf (16,200 N)

3650
 


Lapacho
3,640 lbf (16,200 N)

3640
 


Sucupira, Brazilian Chestnut, Tiete Chestnut
3,417 lbf (15,200 N)

3417
 


Kingwood[5]
3,340 lbf (14,900 N)

3340
 


Ironwood
3,260 lbf (14,500 N)

3260
 


Ebony
3,220 lbf (14,300 N)

3220
 


Massaranduba, Brazilian Redwood, Paraju
3,190 lbf (14,200 N)

3190
 


Yvyraro
3,040 lbf (13,500 N)

3040
 


Strand Woven Bamboo
3,000 lbf (13,000 N)

3000
 


Cocobolo
2,960 lbf (13,200 N)

2960
 

Bloodwood (Brosimum rubescens)
2,900 lbf (13,000 N)

2900
 


Boxwood
2,840 lbf (12,600 N)

2840
 


Red Mahogany, Turpentine
2,697 lbf (12,000 N)

2697
 


Live Oak
2,680 lbf (11,900 N)

2680
 

Southern Chestnut
2,670 lbf (11,900 N)

2670
 


Spotted Gum
2,473 lbf (11,000 N)

2473
 


Brazilian Cherry, Jatoba
2,350 lbf (10,500 N)

2350
 


Mesquite
2,345 lbf (10,430 N)

2345
 

Golden Teak
2,330 lbf (10,400 N)

2330
 

Guatambú, Kyrandy, Balfourodendron riedelianum
2,240 lbf (10,000 N)

2240
 


Santos Mahogany, Bocote, Cabreuva, Honduran Rosewood
2,200 lbf (9,800 N)

2200
 


Pradoo
2,170 lbf (9,700 N)

2170
 


Brazilian Koa
2,160 lbf (9,600 N)

2160
 


Brushbox
2,135 lbf (9,500 N)

2135
 


Osage Orange[6]
2,040 lbf (9,100 N)

2040
 


Karri
2,030 lbf (9,000 N)

2030
 


Sydney Blue Gum
2,023 lbf (9,000 N)

2023
 


Bubinga
1,980 lbf (8,800 N)

1980
 


Cameron
1,940 lbf (8,600 N)

1940
 


Tallowwood
1,933 lbf (8,600 N)

1933
 


Merbau
1,925 lbf (8,560 N)

1925
 


Amendoim
1,912 lbf (8,500 N)

1912
 


Jarrah
1,910 lbf (8,500 N)

1910
 


Purpleheart
1,860 lbf (8,300 N)

1860
 


Goncalo Alves, Tigerwood
1,850 lbf (8,200 N)

1850
 


Hickory, Pecan, Satinwood
1,820 lbf (8,100 N)

1820
 


Afzelia, Doussie, Australian Wormy Chestnut
1,810 lbf (8,100 N)

1810
 


Castello boxwood
1,810 lbf (8,100 N)

1810
 


Bangkirai
1,798 lbf (8,000 N)

1798
 


Rosewood
1,780 lbf (7,900 N)

1780
 


African Padauk
1,725 lbf (7,670 N)

1725
 


Blackwood
1,720 lbf (7,700 N)

1720
 


Merbau
1,712 lbf (7,620 N)

1712
 


Kempas
1,710 lbf (7,600 N)

1710
 


Black Locust
1,700 lbf (7,600 N)

1700
 


Highland Beech
1,686 lbf (7,500 N)

1686
 


Red Mulberry
1,680 lbf (7,500 N)

1680
 


Wenge, Red Pine, Hornbeam
1,630 lbf (7,300 N)

1630
 


Tualang
1,624 lbf (7,220 N)

1624
 


Zebrawood
1,575 lbf (7,010 N)

1575
 


True Pine, Timborana
1,570 lbf (7,000 N)

1570
 


Peroba
1,557 lbf (6,930 N)

1557
 


Sapele, Sapelli, Kupa'y
1,510 lbf (6,700 N)

1510
 


Curupixa
1,490 lbf (6,600 N)

1490
 


Sweet Birch
1,470 lbf (6,500 N)

1470
 


Hard maple, Sugar Maple
1,450 lbf (6,400 N)

1450
 


Caribbean Walnut
1,390 lbf (6,200 N)

1390
 


Kentucky coffeetree
1,390 lbf (6,200 N)

1390
 

Natural Bamboo (represents one species)
1,380 lbf (6,100 N)

1380
 


Australian Cypress
1,375 lbf (6,120 N)

1375
 


White Oak
1,360 lbf (6,000 N)

1360
 


Tasmanian oak
1,350 lbf (6,000 N)

1350
 


Ribbon Gum
1,349 lbf (6,000 N)

1349
 


Ash (White)
1,320 lbf (5,900 N)

1320
 


American Beech
1,300 lbf (5,800 N)

1300
 


Red Oak (Northern)
1,290 lbf (5,700 N)

1290
 


Caribbean Heart Pine
1,280 lbf (5,700 N)

1280
 


Yellow Birch, Iroko
1,260 lbf (5,600 N)

1260
 


Movingui
1,230 lbf (5,500 N)

1230
 


Heart pine
1,225 lbf (5,450 N)

1225
 


Carapa guianensis, Brazilian Mesquite
1,220 lbf (5,400 N)

1220
 


Larch
1,200 lbf (5,300 N)

1200
 

Carbonized Bamboo (represents one species)
1,180 lbf (5,200 N)

1180
 


Teak
1,155 lbf (5,140 N)

1155
 


Brazilian Eucalyptus, Rose Gum
1,125 lbf (5,000 N)

1125
 


English Oak[7]
1,120 lbf (5,000 N)

1120
 


Makore
1,100 lbf (4,900 N)

1100
 


Siberian Larch
1,100 lbf (4,900 N)

1100
 


Peruvian Walnut
1,080 lbf (4,800 N)

1080
 


Boreal
1,023 lbf (4,550 N)

1023
 


Black Walnut, North American Walnut
1,010 lbf (4,500 N)

1010
 


Cherry
995 lbf (4,430 N)

995
 


Black Cherry, Imbuia
950 lbf (4,200 N)

950
 


Red Maple[8]
950 lbf (4,200 N)

950
 


Boire
940 lbf (4,200 N)

940
 


Paper Birch
910 lbf (4,000 N)

910
 


Eastern Red Cedar
900 lbf (4,000 N)

900
 


Southern Yellow Pine (Longleaf)
870 lbf (3,900 N)

870
 


Lacewood, Leopardwood
840 lbf (3,700 N)

840
 


African Mahogany
830 lbf (3,700 N)

830
 


Mahogany, Honduran Mahogany
800 lbf (3,600 N)

800
 


Parana
780 lbf (3,500 N)

780
 


Sycamore
770 lbf (3,400 N)

770
 


Box Elder
720 lbf (3,200 N)

720
 


Shedua
710 lbf (3,200 N)

710
 


Radiata Pine[9]
710 lbf (3,200 N)

710
 


Silver Maple[10]
700 lbf (3,100 N)

700
 


Southern Yellow Pine (Loblolly and Shortleaf)
690 lbf (3,100 N)

690
 


Douglas Fir
660 lbf (2,900 N)

660
 


Western Juniper
626 lbf (2,780 N)

626
 


Alder (Red)
590 lbf (2,600 N)

590
 


Larch
590 lbf (2,600 N)

590
 


Chestnut
540 lbf (2,400 N)

540
 


Yellow Poplar, Poplar
540 lbf (2,400 N)

540
 


Hemlock
500 lbf (2,200 N)

500
 


Western White Pine
420 lbf (1,900 N)

420
 


Basswood
410 lbf (1,800 N)

410
 


Eastern White Pine
380 lbf (1,700 N)

380
 


Cuipo[11]
75 lbf (330 N)

75
 


Balsa[11]
70 lbf (310 N)

70
 

Softest wood ever measured: a single, unusual sample of Balsa[11]22 lbf (98 N)

22
 


References[edit]



  1. ^ Pedersen, Jason. "The Janka Hardness Test". Low Cost Flooring. Retrieved 18 March 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ Morlan, Johnny W. "Wood Species Janka Hardness Scale/Chart By Common/Trade Name A–J". The World's Top 125 Known Softest/Hardest Woods. Morlan wood gifts. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.


  3. ^ "Global Species".


  4. ^ "Quebracho". Lumber identification. The Wood Database.


  5. ^ "Kingwood". Lumber identification. The Wood Database.


  6. ^ "Red Maple". Lumber identification. The Wood Database.


  7. ^ "English Oak". The Wood Database. Retrieved 28 August 2015.


  8. ^ "Wood charts", Custom workshop.


  9. ^ "Radiata Pine". Lumber identification. The Wood Database.


  10. ^ "Silver Maple". Lumber identification. The Wood Database.


  11. ^ abc Wiepking, C. A.; Doyle, D. V. (November 1955). "Strength and related properties of Balsa and Quipo woods". UISDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 27–28. Report No. 1511. The record softness of 22 lbf is often falsely ascribed to quipo, but all such reports appear to be a misreading of figures 15 and 16 from this primary source, which makes clear that measurement is of balsa, and the softest quipo measured was 46 lbf tangential, 38 lbf radial.



External links[edit]


  • Janka Hardness Scale For Wood - Side Hardness Chart of Some Woods

  • USDA - Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material

  • USDA - Janka Hardness Using Nonstandard Specimens









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