熊膽




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熊膽




在擠壓籠中的熊


熊膽，傳統中藥，取自熊的乾燥膽囊。唐代《新修本草》已經記載了熊膽的藥用價值。[1]古代取熊膽必須殺熊，后来改用活取熊膽的技術，但仍对熊宝宝造成很大的痛苦。近年来，由于技术的进步，人们采用微创造瘘技术，可以做到一次造瘘，长期使用，故可以做到无创无痛、多次有限收集熊胆汁，也即在采取熊胆汁的过程中并没有传统技术带给熊宝宝的痛苦。但此活體收集方式，仍然受到道德層面上嚴重的考驗。




目录





  • 1 成分


  • 2 功用


  • 3 熊膽替代品


  • 4 参见


  • 5 參考文獻


  • 6 外部連結




成分


熊膽主含膽汁酸類之碱金屬鹽，另含有膽脂醇及膽汁色素。膽汁酸之主要成分為牛磺熊脫氧膽酸（Tauro-ursodesoxy Cholic Acid），水解後能生成牛磺酸（Taurine）與熊脫氧膽酸（Ursodesoxy Cholic Acid）。此外，並又含有 Chenodesoxycholic Acid、膽酸（Cholic Acid）等。[2]



功用


  • 清熱、鎮痙、明目藥。治熱黃、暑瀉、小兒驚癇、疳疾、疔痔惡瘡，[3]但现代医学证明熊胆主要有治疗胆结石的作用。其药理有效成分为熊去氧胆酸。此物质在脊椎动物胆汁中广泛存在，但黑熊较高。口服熊去氧胆酸对溶解某些类型的胆结石有一定的效果，此外，80年代以来，国际医学界又开始研究熊去氧胆酸在治疗肝脏疾病方面的应用，例如用于治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化，是美国食品药品管理局批准的唯一用于治疗这种疾病的药物。[4]熊去氧胆酸在上世纪50年代已经人工合成成功，相关药物90年代初在意大利初次上市，07年在中国上市。


熊膽替代品


  • 人工熊膽


  • 常春藤、蒲公英、菊花、藥用鼠尾草等


参见


  • 归真堂活取熊胆事件


參考文獻




  1. ^ “活取熊膽”編年史：久入藥典 與現代文明相悖


  2. ^ 熊膽. 數位典藏國家型科技計畫/應用服務分項計畫. 


  3. ^ 熊膽


  4. ^ 活熊取胆的来龙去脉



外部連結



  • 熊膽 Xiong Dan 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) （繁体中文）（英文）






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