Dictionary of National Biography
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online, with 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives.
Contents
1 First series
2 Supplements and revisions
3 Concise dictionary
4 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5 First series contents
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
First series[edit]
Hoping to emulate national biographical collections published elsewhere in Europe, such as the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875), in 1882 the publisher George Smith (1824–1901), of Smith, Elder & Co., planned a universal dictionary that would include biographical entries on individuals from world history. He approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become the editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus only on subjects from the United Kingdom and its present and former colonies. An early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work.
The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885. In May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephen's assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor.[1] A dedicated team of sub-editors and researchers worked under Stephen and Lee, combining a variety of talents from veteran journalists to young scholars who cut their academic teeth on dictionary articles at a time when postgraduate historical research in British universities was still in its infancy. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, who included several respected writers and scholars of the late nineteenth century. By 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63.[1] The year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below.
Supplements and revisions[edit]
Since the scope included only deceased figures, the DNB was soon extended by the issue of three supplementary volumes, covering subjects who had died between 1885 and 1900 or who had been overlooked in the original alphabetical sequence. The supplements brought the whole work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. Corrections were added.
After issuing a volume of errata in 1904, the dictionary was reissued with minor revisions in 22 volumes in 1908 and 1909; a subtitle said that it covered British history "from the earliest times to the year 1900". In the words of the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, the dictionary had "proved of inestimable service in elucidating the private annals of the British",[1] providing not only concise lives of the notable deceased, but additionally lists of sources which were invaluable to researchers in a period when few libraries or collections of manuscripts had published catalogues or indices, and the production of indices to periodical literatures was just beginning. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., to Oxford University Press in 1917. Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century.
The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the twentieth century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published. This had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. This did not seek to replace any articles on existing DNB subjects, even though the original work had been written from a Victorian perspective and had become out of date due to changes in historical assessments and discoveries of new information during the twentieth century. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work.
In 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research.[2]
Concise dictionary[edit]
There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, which covered everyone in the main work but with much shorter articles; some were only two lines. The last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography[edit]
In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB. Work on what was known until 2001 as the New Dictionary of National Biography, or New DNB, began in 1992 under the editorship of Colin Matthew, professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford. Matthew decided that no subjects from the old dictionary would be excluded, however insignificant the subjects appeared to a late twentieth-century eye; that a minority of shorter articles from the original dictionary would remain in the new version in revised form, but most would be rewritten; and that room would be made for about 14,000 new subjects. Suggestions for new subjects were solicited through questionnaires placed in libraries and universities and, as the 1990s advanced, online, and assessed by the editor, the 12 external consultant editors and several hundred associate editors and in-house staff.
The new dictionary would cover British history, "broadly defined" (including, for example, subjects from Roman Britain, the United States of America before its independence, and from Britain's former colonies, provided they were functionally part of the Empire and not of "the indigenous culture", as stated in the Introduction), up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a collaborative one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. It would remain selective – there would be no attempt to include all members of parliament, for example – but would seek to include significant, influential or notorious figures from the whole canvas of the life of Britain and its former colonies, overlaying the decisions of the late-nineteenth-century editors with the interests of late-twentieth-century scholarship in the hope that "the two epochs in collaboration might produce something more useful for the future than either epoch on its own", but acknowledging also that a final definitive selection is impossible to achieve.
Following Matthew's death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (or ODNB), was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, and in an online edition for subscribers. Most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a much lower price.[3] At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, including entries on all subjects included in the old DNB. (The old DNB entries on these subjects may be accessed separately through a link to the "DNB Archive" – many of the longer entries are still highly regarded.) A small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition. Harrison was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Dr Lawrence Goldman, in October 2004. The first online update was published on 4 January 2005, including subjects who had died in 2001. A further update, including subjects from all periods, followed on 23 May 2005, and another on 6 October 2005. New subjects who died in 2002 were added to the online dictionary on 5 January 2006, with continuing releases in May and October in subsequent years following the precedent of 2005. The ODNB also includes some new biographies on people who died before the DNB was published and are not included in the original DNB, because they have become notable since the DNB was published through the work of more recent historians, for example William Eyre (fl. 1634–1675).
The online version has an advanced search facility, allowing a search for people by area of interest, religion and "Places, Dates, Life Events". This accesses an electronic index that cannot be directly viewed.
Response to the new dictionary has been for the most part positive, but in the months following publication there was occasional criticism of the dictionary in some British newspapers and periodicals for reported factual inaccuracies.[4][5] However, the number of articles publicly queried in this way was small – only 23 of the 50,113 articles published in September 2004, leading to fewer than 100 substantiated factual amendments. These and other queries received since publication are being considered as part of an ongoing programme of assessing proposed corrections or additions to existing subject articles, which can, when approved, be incorporated into the online edition of the dictionary. In 2005, The American Library Association awarded the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography its prestigious Dartmouth Medal. A general review of the dictionary was published in 2007.[6]
Sir David Cannadine took over the editorship from October 2014.[7]
First series contents[edit]
Volume | Names | Year published | Editor |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Abbadie – Anne | 1885 | Stephen |
2 | Annesley – Baird | ||
3 | Baker – Beadon | ||
4 | Beal – Biber | ||
5 | Bicheno – Bottisham | 1886 | |
6 | Bottomley – Browell | ||
7 | Brown – Burthogge | ||
8 | Burton – Cantwell | ||
9 | Canute – Chaloner | 1887 | |
10 | Chamber – Clarkson | ||
11 | Clater – Condell | ||
12 | Conder – Craigie | ||
13 | Craik – Damer | 1888 | |
14 | Damon – D'Eyncourt | ||
15 | Diamond – Drake | ||
16 | Drant – Edridge | ||
17 | Edward – Erskine | 1889 | |
18 | Esdale – Finan | ||
19 | Finch – Forman | ||
20 | Forrest – Garner | ||
21 | Garnett – Gloucester | 1890 | |
22 | Glover – Gravet | Stephen & Lee | |
23 | Gray – Haighton | ||
24 | Hailes – Harriott | ||
25 | Harris – Henry I | 1891 | |
26 | Henry II – Hindley | ||
27 | Hindmarsh – Hovenden | Lee | |
28 | Howard – Inglethorpe | ||
29 | Inglish – John | 1892 | |
30 | Johnes – Kenneth | ||
31 | Kennett – Lambart | ||
32 | Lambe – Leigh | ||
33 | Leighton – Lluelyn | 1893 | |
34 | Llywd – MacCartney | ||
35 | MacCarwell – Maltby | ||
36 | Malthus – Mason | ||
37 | Masquerier – Millyng | 1894 | |
38 | Milman – More | ||
39 | Morehead – Myles | ||
40 | Myllar – Nicholls | ||
41 | Nichols – O'Dugan | 1895 | |
42 | O'Duinn – Owen | ||
43 | Owens – Passelewe | ||
44 | Paston – Percy | ||
45 | Pereira – Pockrich | 1896 | |
46 | Pocock – Puckering | ||
47 | Puckle – Reidfurd | ||
48 | Reilly – Robins | ||
49 | Robinson – Russell | 1897 | |
50 | Russen – Scobell | ||
51 | Scoffin – Sheares | ||
52 | Shearman – Smirke | ||
53 | Smith – Stanger | 1898 | |
54 | Stanhope – Stovin | ||
55 | Stow – Taylor | ||
56 | Teach – Tollet | ||
57 | Tom – Tytler | 1899 | |
58 | Ubaldini – Wakefield | ||
59 | Wakeman – Watkins | ||
60 | Watson – Whewell | ||
61 | Whichcord – Williams | 1900 | |
62 | Williamson – Worden | ||
63 | Wordsworth – Zuylestein |
See also[edit]
- List of contributors to the Dictionary of National Biography
- Biographical dictionary
- Oxford Biography Index
- Historiography of the United Kingdom
References[edit]
^ abc Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Biography". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em The DNB is described in the last paragraph of this article.
^ University of London. Corrections and Additions to the Dictionary of National Biography, Cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research Covering the Years 1923–1963. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1966.
^ E.g., at least one U.K. bookseller in 2012 was asking £1738.44 (US$2842.42) including free worldwide delivery.
^ Stefan Collini (20 January 2005). "Our Island Story". London Review of Books.
^ Vanessa Thorpe (6 March 2005). "At £7,500 for the set, you'd think they'd get their facts right". The Observer.
^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Dictionary or Encyclopaedia?". The Historical Journal. 50, no. 4: 991–1006.
^ "David Cannadine is the new Editor of the Oxford DNB". OUP. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900 |
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography website- Free index to the ODNB
About the Oxford DNB, Oxford University Press site- Corrections to the ODNB submitted and peer-reviewed by members of soc.medieval/Gen-Med
- DNB
Index and Epitome to the Dictionary of National Biography, 1903, Perseus Digital Library- "National Biography" in Leslie Stephen's Studies of a Biographer, vol. 1
Online volumes of the first and second series, selected from Internet Archive and Google Books at The Online Books Page.
Volume | Date | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Index and Epitome | 1903 | The Index, with a summary for each entry. | ||
Volume 1 | 1885 | Abbadie | Anne | |
Volume 2 | 1885 | Anneslya | Baird | |
Volume 3 | 1885 | Baker | Beadon | |
Volume 4 | 1885 | Beal | Biber | |
Volume 5 | 1886 | Bicheno | Bottisham | |
Volume 6 | 1886 | Bottomley | Browell | |
Volume 7 | 1886 | Brown | Burthogge | |
Volume 8 | 1886 | Burton | Cantwell | |
Volume 9 | 1887 | Canute | Chaloner | |
Volume 10 | 1887 | Chamber | Clarkson | |
Volume 11 | 1887 | Clater | Condell | |
Volume 12 | 1887 | Conder | Craigie | |
Volume 13 | 1888 | Craik | Damer | |
Volume 14 | 1888 | Damon | D'Eyncourt | |
Volume 15 | 1888 | Diamond | Drake | |
Volume 16 | 1888 | Drant | Edridge | |
Volume 17 | 1889 | Edward | Erskine | |
Volume 18 | 1889 | Esdaile | Finan | |
Volume 19 | 1889 | Finch | Forman | |
Volume 20 | 1889 | Forest | Garner | |
Volume 21 | 1890 | Garnett | Gloucester | |
Volume 22 | 1890 | Glover | Gravet | |
Volume 23 | 1890 | Gray | Haighton | |
Volume 24 | 1890 | Hailes | Harriott | Incorrectly labeled as Volume 25 |
Volume 25 | 1891 | Harris | Henry I | |
Volume 26 | 1891 | Henry II | Hindley | |
Volume 27 | 1891 | Hindmarsh | Hovenden | |
Volume 28 | 1891 | Howard | Inglethorp | |
Volume 29 | 1892 | Inglis | John | Truncated at p. 279, at Jeffreys G. |
Volume 30 | 1892 | Johnes | Kenneth | |
Volume 31 | 1892 | Kennett | Lambart | |
Volume 32 | 1892 | Lambre | Leigh | |
Volume 33 | 1893 | Leighton | Lluelyn | |
Volume 34 | 1893 | Llwyd | MacCartney | |
Volume 35 | 1893 | MacCarwell | Maltby | |
Volume 36 | 1893 | Malthus | Mason | |
Volume 37 | 1894 | Masquerier | Millyng | |
Volume 38 | 1894 | Milman | More | |
Volume 39 | 1894 | Morehead | Myles | |
Volume 40 | 1894 | Myllar | Nichols | |
Volume 41 | 1895 | Nichols | O'Dugan | |
Volume 42 | 1895 | O'Duinn | Owen | |
Volume 43 | 1895 | Owens | Passelewe | |
Volume 44 | 1895 | Paston | Percy | |
Volume 45 | 1896 | Pereira | Pochrich | |
Volume 46 | 1896 | Pockock | Puckering | |
Volume 47 | 1896 | Puckle | Reidfurd | |
Volume 48 | 1896 | Reily | Robins | |
Volume 49 | 1897 | Robinson | Russell | |
Volume 50 | 1897 | Russen | Scobell | |
Volume 51 | 1897 | Scoffin | Sheares | |
Volume 52 | 1897 | Shearman | Smirke | |
Volume 53 | 1898 | Smith | Stanger | |
Volume 54 | 1898 | Stanhope | Stovin | |
Volume 55 | 1898 | Stow | Taylor | |
Volume 56 | 1898 | Teach | Tollet | |
Volume 57 | 1899 | Tom | Tytler | |
Volume 58 | 1899 | Ubaldini | Wakefield | |
Volume 59 | 1899 | Wakeman | Watkins | |
Volume 60 | 1899 | Watson | Whewell | |
Volume 61 | 1900 | Whichcord | Williams | |
Volume 62 | 1900 | Williamson | Worden | |
Volume 63 | 1900 | Wordsworth | Zuylestein | |
Supplementary volumes for the first edition | ||||
Supplement Volume 1 | 1901 | Abbott | Childers | |
Supplement Volume 2 | 1901 | Chippendale | Hoste | |
Supplement Volume 3 | 1901 | How | Woodward | |
Errata | 1904 | |||
Second series of supplementary volumes for the first edition | ||||
Second supplement Volume 1 | 1912 | Abbey | Eyre | |
Second supplement Volume 2 | 1912 | Faed | Muybridge | |
Second supplement Volume 3 | 1912 |
Categories:
- 1885 books
- 2004 books
- Dictionary of National Biography
- British biographers
- British non-fiction literature
- Online person databases
- Oxford dictionaries
- Oxford University Press reference books
- British biographical dictionaries
- Book series introduced in 1885
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