黴菌

Multi tool use黴菌是非分類學名詞,是對菌絲體發達,而又不產生大型肉質子實體的絲狀真菌的俗稱[1]。
黴菌的菌絲呈長管、分枝狀,無橫隔壁,具多個細胞核,並會聚成菌絲體。黴菌常用孢子的顏色來稱呼,如黑黴菌、紅黴菌或青黴菌。
繁殖
黴菌的繁殖包括有性生殖和無性生殖。
行無性生殖時,匍匐菌絲向上分支為直立菌絲,頂端的孢子囊可產生孢子,孢子落在有機物上,便可萌發菌絲。
部分菌屬的子囊胞子具有高度抗熱性。有一群黴菌可形成分生孢子器,某些種類黴菌可由菌絲分段形成關節胞子。
行有性生殖時,正、負交配型的匍匐菌絲互相靠近,彼此各長出短側枝,經接合成為合子。合子成熟萌發時,經減數分裂產生孢子囊,孢子囊破裂釋出孢子,再萌發為菌絲。
應用
醫藥
人類所發現最早的抗生素-盤尼西林,是由青黴菌所製造。
食品加工
一些黴菌也被刻意培殖來用於食物的生產,例如:藍起司是發酵後再加入青黴菌所製成的;醬油、豆瓣酱、豆豉和味噌等需要米麴菌發酵;紅糟、豆腐乳和紅露酒等則是由紅麴菌所發酵製造;發酵臭豆腐的臭滷水也含有多種菌種。
参考文献
^ 车振明. 微生物学. 科学出版社. 2011年6月: 65頁. ISBN 978-7-03-031216-7 (中文(简体)).
外部链接
 | 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:黴菌
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微生物学: 真菌
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| 結構 |
繁殖/孢子
| 有性型/有性的: 接合孢子
子囊孢子/子囊
擔孢子/擔子/冬孢子
無性型/無性的: 孢子囊
- 粉孢子
- 游动孢子
- 厚垣孢子
- 分生孢子
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| 特化结构 | |
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| 生長模式 | |
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规范控制 | - GND: 4052495-4
- NDL: 00564363
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