Nyole language (Uganda)
Nyole language (Uganda)
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| Nyole | |
|---|---|
| Lunyole | |
| Native to | Uganda |
| Region | Tororo District |
Native speakers | 340,000 (2002 census)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nuj |
| Glottolog | nyol1238[2] |
Guthrie code | JE.35[3] |
Nyole (also LoNyole, Lunyole, Nyuli) is a Bantu language spoken by the Luhya people in Tororo District, Uganda near Lake Kyoga. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole language in Kenya.
Contents
1 Phonology
1.1 Consonants
1.2 Vowels
1.3 Historical changes
2 See also
3 References
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k |
voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |
voiced prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮdʒ | ᵑg | |
Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | x | |
voiced | β | ||||
Approximant | w | l~ɾ | j | (w) | |
Nyole has series of voiceless, voiced, and prenasalized stops. /w/ is labio-velar.
Vowels[edit]
Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
High | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Low | a | |
Historical changes[edit]
Nyole has an interesting development from Proto-Bantu *p → Nyole /ŋ/. Schadeberg (1989) connects this sound change to rhinoglottophilia, where the sound change developed first as *[p] → [ɸ] → [h]. Then, given the acoustic similarity of [h] and breathy voice to nasalization, the sound change progressed as [h] → [h̃] → [ŋ]. The velar place of articulation development is due to velar nasals being the least perceptible of the nasals and its marginal status in (pre-)Nyole and other Bantu languages. In closely related neighboring languages, *p developed variously into /h/ or /w/ or was deleted.
This historical development results in so-called "crazy" alternations, like /n/ + /ŋ/ resulting in /p/ as in the following:
- n-ŋuliira ("hear" stem form) : puliira "I hear"
- n-ŋumula ("rest" stem form) : pumula "I rest"
In the above two words, when the first person singular subject prefix /n-/ is added to the stem starting with /ŋ/, the initial consonant surfaces as /p/. In other forms (like /oxu-ŋuliira/ "to hear" and /oxu-ŋumula/ "to rest"), the original stem-initial /ŋ/ can be seen.
See also[edit]
- Luhya language
References[edit]
^ Nyole at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nyole". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- Eastman, Carol M. (1972). Lunyole of the Bamenya, JAL, 11 (3), 63-78.
- Morris, H. F. (1963). A note on Lunyole. Uganda Journal, 27, 127-134.
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). The velar nasal in Nyole (E. 35). Annales Aequatoria, 10, 169-179. (Available online).
 Languages of Uganda | |||||||
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Categories:
- Languages of Uganda
- Luhya language
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