諫議大夫

Multi tool use諫議大夫,是監察的一種特殊職官,通常稱為言官、諫官。
沿革
秦代設大夫,有諫議大夫、太中大夫、中大夫、諫大夫等各類官稱,無定員。西漢時沿用秦制,漢武帝元狩五年(前118年)置諫大夫,無定員,掌議論。東漢改稱諫議大夫,《后汉书·百官志二》:“谏议大夫,六百石。本注曰:无员。”魏晉時稱散騎常侍。
隋唐仍置諫議大夫,有左、右諫議大夫,各四人,分屬門下省與中書省,另設补阙和拾遗。諫議大夫雖然位階不高,唐代僅是正五品,但可“讽朝政之得失,谏皇帝之功过”,唐代著名大臣魏徵即是最好例子,魏徵任諫議大夫時,“凡二百餘奏,無不剴切”。唐代的諫官有權力駁回明顯不合理的詔書。宋初沿其制,後置諫院,谏院下设鼓院,以左、右諫議大夫為之長;王安石變法之際,當時的右諫議大夫司馬光寫一封長達三千餘字的信給王安石,抨擊新政,也就是著名的《與王介甫書》。遼代門下省和中書省分別設左諫院和右諫院,沿置諫議大夫等職,但有名無實。金代有諫院,設左、右諫議大夫、司諫。元朝搁置不設。
明初洪武期間置諫議大夫及左右司諫,不久廢除。宋代類書《册府元龟》曾收入至五代的379件著名的諫書。
参考文献
- 胡宝华:〈唐代谏官补阙、拾遗定员考〉。
- 中国谏议制度
三省六部
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三省及其主要官职
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| 中书省 | 尚书省 | 门下省 | | | 尚书令 尚书省左仆射 尚书省右仆射 尚书省左丞 尚书省右丞
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尚书省下属六部及其主要官职
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| 吏部 | 户部 | 礼部 | 兵部 | 刑部 | 工部 | | 吏部尚书 吏部侍郎 吏部司郎中 司封司郎中 司勋司郎中 考功司郎中 吏部司员外郎 司封司员外郎 司勋司员外郎 考功司员外郎
| 户部尚书 户部侍郎 户部司郎中 度支司郎中 金部司郎中 仓部司郎中 户部司员外郎 度支司员外郎 金部司员外郎 仓部司员外郎
| 礼部尚书 礼部侍郎 礼部司郎中 祠部司郎中 主客司郎中 膳部司郎中 礼部司员外郎 祠部司员外郎 主客司员外郎 膳部司员外郎
| 兵部尚书 兵部侍郎 兵部司郎中 职方司郎中 驾部司郎中 库部司郎中 兵部司员外郎 职方司员外郎 驾部司员外郎 库部司员外郎
| 刑部尚书 刑部侍郎 刑部司郎中 都官司郎中 比部司郎中 司门司郎中 刑部司员外郎 都官司员外郎 比部司员外郎 司门司员外郎
| 工部尚书 工部侍郎 工部司郎中 屯田司郎中 虞部司郎中 水部司郎中 工部司员外郎 屯田司员外郎 虞部司员外郎 水部司员外郎
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