美国原子能委员会

Multi tool use美國原子能委員會(United States Atomic Energy Commission,AEC)是美國國會在二戰以後立法設立的政府機構,目的是提倡、管理原子能在科學及科技上的和平用途。杜魯門總統在1946年8月1日簽署了將軍方對核能的掌控權轉移到上述文官機構的1946年原子能法案,這個法案在1947年元旦生效。
1946年原子能法案反映了美國國會在戰後對於原子能可以促進世界和平、公共福利及企業自由競爭的樂觀態度,然而杜魯門總統在經過政界、軍界及科學界多方激辯以後才簽署法案。戴维·E·李林塔尔(David Lilienthal)被任命為第一任原子能委員會主席。
國會賦予新的原子能委員會特殊的獨立職權:委員會可以自由任用專家學者,不適用一般文官體制的規定;為了安全考量,美國所有的核生產設備、核反應爐、相關技術資訊及研究結果都由該委員會掌控。美國國家實驗室系統(National Laboratory system)就是建立在曼哈頓計劃的基礎上,而其中阿貢國家實驗室是1946年原子能法案授權執行原子能委員會任務的第一批實驗室之一。
在美國核能管理委員會(Nuclear Regulatory Commission)設立之前,核子管制是屬於原子能委員會的業務。1954年美國國會通過了原子能法案修正案,賦予原子能委員會促進並管制核能的使用的職權,使得商用核能的發展變成可行。於是原子能委員會必須訂定管制標準保護一般民眾的安全,同時又要避免訂定太嚴格的標準限制工業的發展,這是一件很困難的事。而在1960年代許多核管制標準被批評太弱,包括輻射劑量標準、環境保護標準、核反應爐的位置與安全標準。1974年國會終於決定將原子能委員會的業務一分為二,根據1974年能源組織改組法(Energy Reorganization Act),核管制業務交由核子管制委員會執行(1975年1月19日開始運作),而促進核能利用的業務交由能源研究與發展局(Energy Research and Development Administration,後來併入能源部)執行。
歷任主席
任期
| 姓名
| 在位總統
|
---|
1946-1950
| 戴维·E·李林塔尔
| 哈利·S·杜鲁门
|
1950-1953
| 戈登·迪恩
| 哈利·S·杜鲁门
|
1953-1958
| 刘易斯·斯特劳斯
| 德怀特·艾森豪威尔
|
1958-1960
| 约翰·A·麦科恩
| 德怀特·艾森豪威尔
|
1961-1971
| 格倫·西奧多·西博格
| 约翰·肯尼迪、林登·约翰逊、理查德·尼克松
|
1971-1973
| 詹姆斯·R·施莱辛格
| 理查德·尼克松
|
1973-1974
| 迪克西·李·雷
| 理查德·尼克松
|
參見
- 曼哈頓計劃
- 美國能源部
- 美国核能管理委员会
肯尼斯·尼科尔斯(美国原子能委员会的第一任总裁)
- 核武器
- 原子核物理學
- 核子工程
- 放射性废料
- 美國反核運動
- 美国人体放射性试验
- 核子工業損害賠償法
參考資料
- Buck, Alice L. A History of the Atomic Energy Commission. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/ES-0003. July 1983. PDF檔
- Richard G. Hewlett; Oscar E. Anderson. The New World, 1939-1946. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962.
- Richard G. Hewlett; Francis Duncan. Atomic Shield, 1947-1952. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1969.
- Richard G. Hewlett; Jack M. Holl. Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
规范控制 | - WorldCat Identities
- BNF: cb12124984b (data)
- GND: 3528-2
- ISNI: 0000 0001 2323 9952
- NKC: ko2003203476
- SELIBR: 327830
- SNAC: w6cv85zh
- SUDOC: 029676991
- VIAF: 138898115
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