Ex-Nasa employee explains what's REALLY behind popular alien conspiracy theories
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UFO sightings debunked: Former Nasa employee explains what's REALLY behind popular alien conspiracy theories
- James Oberg was interested in why people react so strongly to UFOs
- He says our sensory system is built to only understand Earth functions
- Phenomenon like 'space dandruff' and shooting blue lights explained
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Shivali Best For Mailonline
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08:11 EST, 7 June 2016
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09:29 EST, 7 June 2016
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Reports of UFO sightings have been circling the internet for years, with accounts ranging from floating blue lights to strange clouds that look like spaceships.
However, one former Nasa employee has taken it upon himself to explain what is really going on.
An article posted on Atlas Obscura, explains some of James Oberg's rationales behind the sightings, after he spent decades looking through footage of supposed UFO sightings.
Scroll down for video

UFO hunters often jump on the back of strange sightings, such as this black 'cube' which appeared in a photograph of the sun taken by Nasa
Mr Oberg worked at Nasa in the late 1990s, before becoming a space journalist and historian.
Unlike other UFO debunkers, he is less interested in dismissing theories, and more interested in working out exactly why people react so strongly to outer space images and footage.
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James Oberg worked at Nasa in the late 1990s, before becoming a space journalist and historian
To do this, he has spent decades trawling through supposed UFO sightings, reading eyewitness testimony and cross-referencing it with mission logs.
Speaking to Atlas Obscura, Mr Oberg said: 'Our sensory system is functioning absolutely perfectly for Earth conditions. But we're still a local civilization. Moving beyond our neighborhood has been visually confusing.'
Mr Oberg thinks that human senses are designed to understand slow-moving objects, certain light conditions and an atmosphere.
When those conditions change, we are thrown off guard and react strongly.
Space 'dandruff' around a shuttle
In 1996, the Nasa STS-75 shuttle blasted off on a 15 day mission, the aim of which was to carry a tether with a satellite at the end which could conduct electricity.
Unfortunately, the tether broke, leading to the loss of the satellite.
However, the strangest sequence was a cloud of ice crystals floating ahead of and around the tether, almost like dandruff, that many believed were UFOs.

The strangest sequence was a cloud of ice crystals floating ahead of and around the shuttle, almost like dandruff, that many believed were UFOs
Writing on his website, Mr Oberg explains: 'The first principle of space travel is that objects coming off a vehicle tend to fly along with it.
'They appear to move in straight lines unless they encounter some force, such as the atmosphere or an exhaust plume from a rocket thruster.'
WHAT IS 'SPACE DANDRUFF'?
Footage shows that sometimes, mysterious white spots will pop up and 'dance' in front of the camera.
The particular dots can't be precisely identified but they are almost certainly ice crystals, fragments of insulation, or other bits and pieces that have peeled off the shuttle itself and are now floating alongside it.
Mr Oberg explains: 'The first principle of space travel is that objects coming off a vehicle tend to fly along with it.'
He goes on to explain that ice is often a common culprit. He added: 'Some vehicles discard waste heat by evaporating water against coolant panels, resulting in blizzards of ice crystals.'
The particular dots cannot be precisely identified but they are almost certainly ice crystals or other fragments that have peeled off the shuttle itself and are now floating alongside it.
Beams of blue light
In November 2015, people in California spotted a strange object shooting across the sky, drawing mass attention.
The object then appeared to erupt, growing what looked like a huge, bright tail of blue flame.
The sight sent the whole state into a frenzy, with stars like the Kardashians even Tweeting about the sighting.

In November 2015, people in California spotted a strange object shooting across the sky, drawing mass attention. The object then appeared to erupt, growing what looked like a huge, bright tail of blue flame

While we are used to seeing faint white lines in the sky left my airplanes, rocket plumes look and act much differently
However, Mr Oberg explained that the huge blue tail was actually a plume - a swarm of particles emitted by a rocket thruster as it shoots through space.
While we are used to seeing faint white lines in the sky left my airplanes, rocket plumes look and act much differently.
Because they do not rely on air, they spread out into wide-angled cones. Some of the particles even bounce off the rocket itself, and end up in front of or alongside it, expanding the plume further.
Most importantly, if the rocket is high enough above us, it might be in full sunlight, even if we are still in the dark.
This effect is most pronounced at twilight. From Earth the object looks like it is shooting fire, but it is really just a plume, being backlit by the sun.
This particular plume was from a Navy test missile. Other sightings have been in Russia, Australia, and the Canary Islands, and have had similar responses.
Mr Oberg said: 'There were thousands of people who were absolutely processing their visual stimuli correctly if [the plume] was a mile away or ten miles away.'
'But it was 300 miles away, up in space and sunlit, which never occurred to them, because this is not something within the normal range of human experience.'
Twilight shadowing
In 1996, the Space Shuttle Columbia was sent on a mission carrying two orbit satellites around Earth.
Footage from the mission showed a very strange array of flashing lights appear in a circle formation. This can be seen at around 5 minutes in the video.
Mr Oberg explains that the objects aren't actually jumping through a wormhole, or rising suddenly over the horizon, they're just moving in and out of the shuttle's shadow.

Footage from the mission showed a very strange array of flashing lights appear in a circle formation
He said: 'They tend to occur at a very special time every orbit, when the shuttle has just come up out of the Earth's shadow and is now bathed in sunlight.'
'The camera is pointed back toward the receding horizon, and stuff suddenly appears, like it's coming up from behind the horizon, or behind a cloud.'
On Earth, when an object blocks sunlight from reaching something, it casts a shadow on its surface.
Since space lacks such a surface, the Shuttle's shadow is invisible until, suddenly, it swallows up some dandruff - debris or ice - and then spits it back out.
Mr Oberg calls this 'twilight shadowing.'
He added: 'You can see things floating out of it and floating into sunlight. They look like stuff that's coming up from beneath the clouds, or from beyond the edge of the Earth.'
The phenomenon of UFOs and how the public react to them, is endlessly fascinating to Mr Oberg.
He added: 'Everyone on YouTube just calls each other morons or sheep. But really it's just that out there, your visual assumptions are no longer valid.'
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Read more:
- How One Man Has Explained Almost Every Internet UFO Theory | Atlas Obscura
- NASA - STS-75
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Jersey Shore's Ronnie Ortiz-Magro and baby mama Jen Harley pose for holiday photos with daughter Ariana Sky following engagement rumors

Jillian Barberie shares post double mastectomy recovery pic and reveals she calls her new breasts 'Robotits'
She was resting following her procedure

Kate Mara and Jamie Bell bundle up and brave the cold as they step out to walk their dogs in LA
They got married in July 2017 after dating for two years

Emily Blunt weighs in on her husband John Krasinski's 'feud' with Hugh Jackman after he pretended to threaten the Wolverine star with violence over a cosy red carpet moment

Hilary Duff looks sensational as she enjoys family day out with boyfriend Matthew Koma and children Luca, 6, and two-month-old Banks Violet

Emma Stone is still going strong with her beau Dave McCary as they are seen side-by-side at holiday party
A cute couple

Chrissy Teigen shares clip of six-month-old baby Miles with his grandma Vilailuck and dogs on Saturday... after trolls slammed his head-shaping helmet

Emma Stone admits she has NEVER seen her movie Easy A because she doesn't want to watch herself 'for that long'
She's seen a handful of scenes from the film
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'It's completely unrealistic and ridiculous': Heavily pregnant Tammin Sursok slams pressure to lose weight after giving birth in post

More than 50 celebrities - including Ab Fab's Joanna Lumley - sign letter demanding a ban on trophy hunters importing horns and furs

Ozzy Osbourne says he eats two tubs of ice-cream a day before going to the gym as he admits he has so much junk in his body 'he should be dead'

Farrah Abraham teases 'scar camouflage' surgery to cover up her breast implant marks
She's had three breast enhancement surgeries

Malin Akerman, 40, 'still floating' two weeks after wedding to Jack Donnelly, 32, as they're seen at Disney on Ice with her son
Fun trip

The Duchess of Givenchy: Her idol Audrey Hepburn was the label's original muse. Now Meghan's emulating her in $310,000 worth of outfits

Blake Shelton gushes about his lady love Gwen Stefani saying, 'This is something that I feel is meant to be'
They've been inseparable for three years

Never-before-heard interviews of Ted Bundy in a new Netflix series reveal pornography drove him to murder at least 30 young women and girls

Ariana Grande apologizes to Kanye West for her 'insensitive' tweet... after he slammed the singer for using his Drake feud to promote new single

'I can be one NOSE-Y m**********a!' Comedian Artie Lange makes light of his collapsed 'cocaine nose' as he avoids jail time despite violating probation
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Elsa Hosk and boyfriend Tom Daly make for a colorful display during a Christmas shopping trip in NYC
They've dated for years

Mariah Carey stuns in evening gown with high slit as she sings nativity song Follow The Star to daughter Monroe at Brussels concert
Cute display

'Have they turned their backs on the world... or just her family?': Samantha Markle snipes at Harry and Meghan over wedding snap in Christmas card

Candice Swanepoel puts her incredible figure on display in sexy swimwear... only six months after welcoming her second child
The supermodel

Megan Fox is radiant as she attends a Disney On Ice event in LA alongside Chrissy Teigen and Kendra Wilkinson
She's a mom-of-three

Back in the saddle! Pippa Middleton cycles through London as she's seen on bike for first time since giving birth
Duchess of Cambridge's sister

David Beckham's customized Porsche 911 is back on the market for $179,000 seven years after it was sold to millionaire Lebanese actor 'Mr Arab'

Miley Cyrus nearly fails to recognize her own song Party In The USA during a game of Name That Song with Jimmy Fallon
She was a good sport

Hailey Baldwin hugs and kisses husband Justin Bieber as they board a private jet in Los Angeles
The hitmaker needed some emotional support

Snooki Polizzi offers a candid insight into her pregnancy as she shares an image of herself vomiting after suffering morning sickness
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Oprah said she will NOT host the Oscars... after her friend Kevin Hart stepped down from the job due to furor over old homophobic jokes
The 64-year-old media mogul

Brad Pitt is stone-faced in LA as he's seen for first time since disturbing claim 'he never wanted to adopt Pax' surfaces amid Angelina Jolie fight

Tom Cruise, 56, bonds with Top Gun: Maverick co-star Miles Teller, 31, as they wear flight gear while shooting scenes in Lake Tahoe, California

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Farm Heroes Saga, the #4 Game on iTunes. Play it now!
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GADGET REVIEWS

iPad Pro review: Apple takes the tablet to new heights (at a price)
Apple's new iPad is blazingly fast, gorgeous to look at, and quite simply the best tablet out there - and for a lot of people, probably the best computer out there.

The small smart display with big potential: Google Home Hub review
Google is late to the game with its Home Hub, but the low price and AI features make it a great choice for controlling your home, showing pictures and even helping run your life.

'Good enough for most people': iPhone XR review
On one hand, the XR lacks the high-resolution screen and dual-lens camera on the XS. but it is $250 cheaper and still get most of the other cutting-edge features found on the more expensive model.

The Pixel 3 outsmarts the iPhone (IF you trust Google with all your information)
AI seems to permeate every part of its software, from the ability to answer calls for you to being able to almost perfectly predict your morning commute.

Bigger and better in every way: Apple's XS really does take the iPhone to the Max
Apple's new iPhone XS and XS Max go on sale on Friday - and the biggest handset Apple has ever made is also its best (and possibly unsurprisingly, its most expensive).

The $250 beauty device that works like 'Photoshop for your face'
Israeli beauty-tech firm Pollogen has launched its Geneo Personal device, which stimulates oxygen from beneath the skin's surface to give you a clearer, fresher face within minutes.

iOS 12 review: The update that really will improve your iPhone
Rather than cram in a plethora of new features, Apple's latest update is about boosting stability, with improvements in everything from FaceID and battery life.

Naim Atom: The hifi that will change the way you listen to music
It's eye-wateringly expensive at $2,999, but Naim's Uniti Atom is a revelation, an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you've probably never heard before.

The $1,000 wireless speaker that really IS worth the price: Naim Mu-so Qb review
Naim's incredible Mu-So Qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls, rather that simply being something in the background.

The hi-tech $2,000 spin bike that really could change your life
Peloton's hi-tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it's one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price.

The best all in one wireless speaker you'll ever hear: Naim Mu-so review
It might not be a name familiar to the US market, but Naim is a legendary British brand hoping to make a splash with the American launch of its $1499 Mu:So speaker.

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Co-founder of Vine and HQ Trivia Colin Kroll is found dead 'of an apparent cocaine and heroin overdose' in his Manhattan apartment aged 35
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