庭州

Multi tool use庭州,又名別失八里(Bechbaliq或Beshbalik)、别石把、亦力把力,是中亚古城,原为车师后部王庭所在,因为该王庭由五座城市组成[註 1],故称为别失八里[註 2],意为“五城之地”,城址位于今吉木萨尔之北[註 3]。
历史
汉宣帝元康四年(前62年),汉朝在当地设戊己校尉,东汉时耿恭在此屯垦。3世纪后,中国陷入内乱,放弃该地区,高车、柔然、铁勒、突厥相继占领该地。
7世纪唐朝重新统一中国之后,唐太宗于贞观十四年(640年)派遣侯君集征讨高昌和西突厥。贞观二十年(646年),西突厥可汗阿史那贺鲁内附唐朝,唐朝政府遂在当地设立庭州。武则天长安(702年),又在庭州设立北庭大都护府,统管整个天山以北的西域地区。唐德宗贞元六年(790年),庭州被吐蕃攻占,中国势力再一次退出当地。此后,葛逻禄、吐蕃和回鹘对该地进行了长时间的争夺,800年,回鹘最终获胜,在高昌建立回鹘汗国,以北庭为其陪都。耶律大石建立西辽之后,臣服了高昌汗国。
元太祖十四年(1219年)耶律楚材随成吉思汗西征,经过的別失八里、轮台、高昌、于阗等地[1],也即《元史》中,大将阿剌瓦而思攻破的回鹘城别失八里,轮台、高昌、于阗等地[2]。1251年蒙古在此设立了别失八里等处行尚书省。元宪宗蒙哥死后,阿里不哥一度以此处为基地之一与其兄忽必烈争夺蒙古大汗之位。元朝至元元年(1264年)阿里不哥投降,该地遂为中央政府控制。但是至元十三年(1276年)昔里吉发动叛乱,别失八里行省大部地区被窝阔台后王海都占领。元朝平定南宋残部的反抗后,于至元二十年(1283年)在别失八里设宣慰司,派万户綦公直为宣慰使,率大批新附军进驻实行屯田[3]。然而到了至元二十三年(1286年),察合台汗国后王笃哇占领该地,元贞二年(1295年),元朝再次设立北庭都元帅府。此后经过长时间的争夺,确立了察合台汗国对当地的统治。
明洪武二十三年(1390年),察合台后王(即东察合台汗国)黑的儿火者遣使贡方物。永乐四年(1406年),后王沙迷查干遣使贡玉璞等方物。永樂七年,明成祖封瓦剌馬哈木為順寧王。永乐十一年(1413年),吏部员外郎陈诚出使西域,曾访问别失八里[4]。
1417年察合台歪思汗弑杀叔叔别失八里国王纳黑失只罕,自立为王,号亦力把力。宣德二年(1427年),歪思遣使入贡,明宣宗赐歪思金刀甲胄。正统后亦力把力朝贡不绝[5]。
清代光绪二十八年(1902年)设孚远县。目前新疆昌吉州以庭州为本区的代称。
注释
参考文献
^ 耶律楚材《西游录》
^ 元史列传第十
^ (明)严从简著 《殊域周咨录·亦力把力》余思黎点校 中华书局 ISBN 71010006078
^ 陈诚著《西域番国志·别失八里》 周连宽校注 2000 中华书局 ISBN 7-101-02058-5/K
^ (明)罗曰褧 《咸宾录·亦力把力》
BAPJ pM1fAwbu,jx70r5Z0DWBr59 Qi7b Bxp,TJXra,fE
Popular posts from this blog
Ramiro Burr's New Blog - to go back: www.ramiroburr.com From Latin rock to reggaeton, boleros to blues,Tex-Mex to Tejano, conjunto to corridos and beyond, Ramiro Burr has it covered. If you have a new CD release, a trivia question or are looking for tour info, post a message here or e-mail Ramiro directly at: musicreporter@gmail.com Top Tejano songwriter Luis Silva dead of heart attack at 64 By Ramiro Burr on October 23, 2008 8:40 AM | Permalink | Comments (12) | TrackBacks (0) UPDATE: Luis Silva Funeral Service details released Visitation 4-9 p.m. Saturday, Rosary service 6 p.m. Saturday at Porter Loring, 1101 McCullough Ave Funeral Service 10:30 a.m. Monday St. Anthony De Padua Catholic Church, Burial Service at Chapel Hills, 7735 Gibbs Sprawl Road. Porter Loring (210) 227-8221 Related New Flash: Irma Laura Lopez: long time record promoter killed in accident NewsFlash: 9:02 a.m. (New comments below) Luis Silva , one of the most well-known ...
1 I having trouble getting my ResourceDictionary.MergedDictionaries to load from app.xaml. My WPF app has a static class with a Main defined and startup object set to it. Within Main I created an instance of App and run it. The override OnStartup fires and the mainwindow.cs InitializeComponent gives the error "Message "Cannot find resource named 'MaterialDesignFloatingActionMiniAccentButton'. If I put the resources in the mainwindow.xaml everything is fine, but I wanted them to load at the app level so I they are not in each page. Any help appreciated. public partial class App protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e) base.OnStartup(e); var app = new MainWindow(); var context = new MainWindowViewModel(); app.DataContext = context; app.Show(); from the Main.. var app = new App(); app.Run(); app.xaml.. <Application x:Class="GS.Server.App" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:...
up vote 2 down vote favorite There is a clear pattern that show for two separate subsets (set of columns); If one value is missing in a column, values of other columns in the same subset are missing for any row. Here is a visualization of missing data My tries up until now, I used ycimpute library to learn from other values, and applied Iterforest. I noted, score of Logistic regression is so weak (0.6) and thought Iterforest might not learn enough or anyway, except from outer subset which might not be enough? for example the subset with 11 columns might learn from the other columns but not from within it's members, and the same goes for the subset with four columns. This bar plot show better quantity of missings So of course, dealing with missings is better than dropping rows because It would affect my prediction which does contain the same missings quantity relatively. Any better way to deal with these ? [EDIT] The nullity pattern is confirmed: machine-learning cor...