助祭

Multi tool use | この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。 出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(2015年9月)
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復活祭に食物を聖別する助祭(左側のストラを襷掛にかけた白い服装の人物。ポーランド、2007年)
助祭(じょさい、英語: deacon)はキリスト教における教会職務のひとつで、ギリシャ語のδιάκονος(奉仕者の意)を語源とする。カトリック教会では、司祭につぐ職位。正教会では「輔祭」の訳語を、聖公会などプロテスタントでは「執事」という訳語を用いている。
ラテン語ではdiaconusといい、トリエント公会議では「聖職位階の上位」であったが、第2バチカン公会議ではそれまで存在した副助祭、祓魔師、読師、守門という四つの下級叙品が廃止されたため、現代では「聖職位階の下位」(『教会憲章』29項)となっている。
第二バチカン公会議以来、助祭を司祭への通過点や、ミサなどの典礼における単なる「司祭の補助」と見なすのではなく、助祭として固有の職務を再確認する方向に進んでいる。これに伴い司祭には叙階されず、既婚者もなりうる終身助祭 (permanent deacon) の制度が復活し、最近では日本でも登場し始めている。
また、中世以降(現教会法でも)、助祭は男性に限られているが、カルケドン公会議などで40歳以上の独身女性の叙階を認めるなどの例が教会の歴史において見られる[要出典]。
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