所有权

Multi tool use所有权(英语:ownership)又稱完全物权[1],是指民法上,权利人对标的物可以直接全面排他性支配特定物的物权。所谓「全面支配」,意味着支配范围的全面性和支配时间的无限性,符合这一特征的物权只有所有权。因此,完全物权与所有权在内涵上是一致的。完全物权与限制物权是相对立的概念。
在一般意义上,所有权也指人对于外界自然的支配或者支配形态。后者含义上的所有权(所有),从人类产生开始就已存在,经过了长时间的历史变迁。而法律意义上的所有权,是在一定的历史阶段以所有(支配)为基础的技术概念。也就是说,在商品交换占主导地位的近代社会,在互相交换商品的主体之间,必须互相承认对方对于商品这种财富的固有的支配(私有)。这种社会需要的法律形态,就是所有权。因此,普通意义上的所有权是以排他的,包容性的支配为内容的一种权利。不同的民事实体法对于所有权的具体内容的规定,也有着一定的差异。
另一方面,所有权的两个非常重要的特性便是直接支配和排他性处分。这是从所有和使用两个层面来讲的。直接支配反映出所有人对物的绝对权利。而排他处分反映出物在使用、流转的过程中人们所享有的绝对权利。近代以前人们对物是注重所有、占有的。而现在注重的却是流转,重视物在流转的过程中所产生的价值利益。
所有权也受到法律的一定限制。权利滥用之禁止原则和诚实信用原则是对所有权绝对原则的限制,例如土地征用法、城市规划法、航空法、大气污染防止法、矿业法等等。
因为所有权是包含性且排他性的支配性权利,对于圆满实现所有权过程中遇到的妨碍,所有权人有权排除。即所有物的占有被抢夺的时候有权行使所有权的返还请求权,在侵夺占有以外的方式被妨碍的时候有权行使排除妨碍请求权,在存在被妨碍的可能性的时候有权行使预防妨碍请求权。但是,在行使土地所有权的时候,经常会产生不得不妨碍邻接土地的所有权的情况,在这种时候,为了保障土地所有权的行使,有必要对于排除妨碍请求权作出一定的限制。这就是“相邻关系”规定的主旨。
参考文献
^ 藝術與建築索引典—所有權 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-11-20. 於2011年4月11日查閱
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