中华人民共和国土地制度

Multi tool use
「
拆迁」重定向至此。關於强制拆迁,詳見「
强制拆迁」。
中华人民共和国土地制度按照现行法律,中华人民共和国政府是中国土地的实质所有者和管理者。
历史
土地问题一直是中国社会的基本问题,中国普通民众通常拥有土地、房屋等的永世业权。但同时,土地集中于地主阶级,亦是严重的社会问题。中华民国国父孙中山主张平均地权,但未能实行。秋收起义后,中共政权在井冈山根据地实施“井冈山土地法”,1929年2月颁布《兴国土地法》。而“打土豪分田地”则一直是中国共产党的政治宣传口号。
1950年,中华人民共和国中央人民政府颁布《土地改革法》。自第二次国共内战时期老解放区开始的土地改革运动推行到全国。到1953年即实行土地集体所有制。此次运动,彻底改变了中国的土地制度,在農村地區取消了永世业权。雖然從50年代其中華人民共和國政府就以沒收及購買的形式逐步獲取了城市内大多數私有土地的產權,但在制度上消滅土地私有制的則是1982年12月修订的中华人民共和国宪法(八二宪法),规定城市土地属于国家所有,以憲法機制沒收了城市内剩餘私有土地的產權。城市民众、农民作为业主,仅有拥有房屋的所有权和土地的使用权。
流通
征收
拆迁是具体中国特色的术语,是指中华人民共和国地方政府对国有土地上房屋进行征收的程序。
土地交易中的招拍制度,形成地方政府对土地交易的垄断,进一步形成土地财政。地方政府面向房地产公司拍卖土地,获得收入,但直到2013年仅有55%的土地出让收入被返回给被征收业主[1]。土地出让净收益则成为地方政府的财政收入。
地方政府在房屋征收过程中,处于强势地位,强制拆迁事件在中国大陆屡见不鲜。
拍卖
个人买卖
参考文献
^ 余燕明. 万亿土地出让金去向何方?过半用于征地拆迁补偿. 人民网-房产频道. 2015-03-09 [2015-12-03] (简体中文).
外部链接
参见
- 土地改革运动
- 家庭联产承包责任制
- 中華人民共和國物權法
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