狐偃
Multi tool usebody.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center
| 狐偃 |
|---|
| 姓 |
姬
|
|---|
| 氏 |
狐
|
|---|
| 名 |
偃 |
|---|
| 字 |
子犯 |
|---|
| 别名 |
咎犯、舅犯 |
|---|
| 时代 |
春秋 |
|---|
| 国家 |
晉國 |
|---|
| 身份 |
卿 |
|---|
| 官位 |
晉國上軍將 |
|---|
| 父 |
狐突
|
|---|
| 子女 |
狐射姑
|
|---|
狐偃，姬姓，狐氏，字子犯。是晋文公的舅舅，又稱舅犯、咎犯、臼犯。
生平
狐偃出身戎狄部落。其父狐突，在晋武公時出仕晉國。其兄狐毛。武公之子晋献公娶狐突的女儿生重耳和夷吾，狐偃和兄长狐毛輔助重耳。
驪姬之乱使晋国混乱，狐偃劝重耳流亡外国。重耳开始了19年国外流亡。开始住在北狄，后来继位为晋惠公的夷吾密谋行刺重耳，重耳与属下大夫们流亡中原。
途中、重耳一行经过卫国五鹿，向种地的农民乞求食物，农民将土块放于容器中給重耳[1]。重耳（據中華書局本《史記》載，是趙衰而非狐偃勸阻重耳：「趙衰曰『土者，有土也，君其拜受之。』」但北大本《春秋左傳正義》載，是子犯勸阻重耳。子犯乃狐偃字。）大怒，要鞭打农民，狐偃说农民献土，说明公子得到土地啊，重耳大喜。前636年，在赵衰、狐偃、胥臣、先轸的辅佐下重耳成为国君晋文公，狐偃帮助晋文公成为霸主，狐偃为上军将，是晋文公的首席谋士，之后，其子狐射姑继承了他的爵位。遗物有“子犯和钟”，现藏台北国立故宫博物院。[2]
参考文献
- 《史记》
- 《左传》
- 《韩非子·外储说·右上》：‘何如足以战民？’[3]
^ 杨伯峻《春秋左传注》：“‘乞食于野人，野人与之块’块，土块也。晋世家作‘野人盛土器中进之’，盖器者，公子乞食所用者也”
^ 子犯和鐘1-12、舊連結、舊連結存檔 - 臺灣國立故宮博物院
^ 晋文公问于狐偃曰：“寡人甘肥周于堂，卮酒豆肉集于宫，壶酒不清，生肉不布，杀一牛遍于国中，一岁之功尽以衣士卒，其足以战民乎？”狐子曰：“不足。”文公曰：“吾弛关市之征而缓刑罚，其足以战民乎？”狐子对曰：“不足。”文公曰：“吾民之有丧资者，寡人亲使郎中视事，有罪者赦之，贫穷不足者与之，其足以战民乎？”狐子对曰：“不足。此皆所以慎产也；而战之者，杀之也。民之从公也，为慎产也，公因而迎杀之，失所以为从公矣。”曰：然则何如足以战民乎？”狐子对曰：“令无得不战。”公曰：“无得不战奈何？”狐子对曰：“信赏必罚，其足以战。”公曰：“刑罚之极安至？”对曰：“不辟亲贵，法行所爱。”文公曰：“善。”明日，令田于圃陆，期以日中为期，后期者行军法焉。于是公有所爱者曰颠颉后期，吏请其罪，文公陨涕而忧。吏曰：“请用事焉。”遂斩颠颉之脊，以徇百姓，以明法之信也。而后百姓皆惧曰：“君于颠颉之贵重如彼甚也，而君犹行法焉，况于我则何有矣。”文公见民之可战也，于是遂兴兵伐原，克之。伐卫，东其亩，取五鹿。攻阳。胜虢。伐曹。南围郑，反之陴；罢宋围。还与荆人战城濮，大败荆人；返为践土之盟，遂成衡雍之义：一举而八有功。所以然者，无他故异物，从狐偃之谋，假颠颉之脊也。
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