Kaonde language
Kaonde language
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| Kaonde | |
|---|---|
| Kiikaonde | |
| Native to | Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is predominantly known as kiLuba |
Native speakers | 240,000 (1995–2010 census)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo
|
Writing system | Latin (Kaonde alphabet) Kaonde Braille |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Zambia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kqn |
| Glottolog | kaon1241[2] |
Guthrie code | L.40 (L.41)[3] |
Kaonde (kiiKaonde) is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia but also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kaonde and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 350,000 people or more. It is estimated that approximately 2.3% of Zambians are native Kaonde speakers. Kaonde speakers overwhelmingly live in the Northwestern and parts of Central regions of Zambia.
Fewer numbers of Kaonde speakers live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, they are not known or identified by the term Kaonde but rather by the term Luba.
Strictly speaking, the term "Kaonde" refers to a group of people who are identified by a common language known as kiiKaonde. This group of people, like many others in Zambia, was originally part of the Luba Kingdom. They migrated south to area surrounding a stream called Kaonde in river Congo basin. From there, the people migrated into what is now Northwestern Zambia. This group of people called their language kiiKaonde. Speakers of other Bantu languages use the prefix "chi" other than "kii" to refer to this language. Thus non-Kaondes sometimes call the language Kikaonde.
Contents
1 Grammar
1.1 Nouns
1.2 Pronouns
2 Basic vocabulary and phrases
3 References
4 External links
Grammar[edit]
Nouns[edit]
Like other Bantu languages, Kaonde nouns are grouped into several semantic classes, ranging from those that denote human beings to those that denote things. The concord or agreement markers for each class is a prefix attached to verbs and adjectives related to the noun. Tense markers may modify the concord.
| Singular noun | Singular concord | Plural noun | Plural concord |
|---|---|---|---|
| mu (person) | u- | ba | ba- |
| mu (thing) | u - | mi- | i- |
| ki | ki- | bi | bi- |
| ka | ka- | tu | tu- |
| n | i- | ma | a- |
| lu | lu- | ma | a- |
| bu | bu- | ma | a- |
| ji | ji- | ma | a- |
| pa (locative "on") | pa- | none | none |
| ku (locative "at" or "to" | ku- | none | none |
| mu (locative "in") | mu- | none | none |
Pronouns[edit]
Kaonde has personal, demonstrative and relative pronouns. The first and second person pronouns are independent of the noun class system. Third person pronouns are formed using the demonstrative pronouns for the ba noun class. Demonstrative are arranged by noun class and by deixis.
| Person | Singular | Plural/Formal |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | amiwa | - |
| 2nd person | obewa | anweba |
| 3rd person | awe/ao/awa | abe/abo/aba |
Basic vocabulary and phrases[edit]
Ee - yes
Ine - no
Muji byepi - How are you
Njitu bulongo / bulongotu - I am fine / just fine
Jizhina jami ne... - My name is...
Shalaipo - goodbye (person leaving)
Kafikaipo - goodbye (person staying)
Mulale bulongo - good night
Nasanta bingi- Thank you very much
Nakolwa - I am sick
References[edit]
^ Kaonde at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kaonde". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
External links[edit]
- A sample paragraph in Kaonde
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kaonde
- Lubuto Libraries, Kiikaonde Reading Lessons, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
Kiikaonde language stories[permanent dead link], Lubuto Library Special Collections- OLAC resources in and about the Kaonde language
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| Sign languages |
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 Languages of Zambia | |
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| Official language |
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| Regional languages |
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| Indigenous languages |
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Authority control  |
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Categories:
- Luban languages
- Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Languages of Zambia
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