乳浊液

Multi tool use
「
乳液」重定向至此。關於外用制剂,詳見「
露 (医药)」。
乳濁液(英语:emulsion)也称为“乳液”、“乳剂”、“乳狀液”或“乳化液”,是指一相液体以微小液滴状态分散于另一相液体中形成的非均相液体分散体系。由油和水混合组成的乳浊液根据连续相和分散相不同,分成油包水型乳剂和水包油型乳剂,前者连续相为油脂,分散相为水溶液,后者连续相为水溶液,分散相为油脂;除了上述这两类乳剂之外,还有复合乳剂。
油相、水相和乳化剂是乳剂的主要组成成分,药物根据自身的物理性质分散在水相或者油相;乳化剂应具有显著的表面活性;能在液滴周围形成界面膜;能在液滴表面形成电屏障;能增加介质粘度;并且还要具有良好的对酸、碱、盐的稳定,无刺激性。
類型
常用的乳化剂有:表面活性剂,油水平衡系数较高者,适合配制水包油型乳剂;油水平衡系数较低者,适合配制油包水型乳剂;天然乳化剂多为亲水性胶,可以提高连续相粘度,增加乳剂稳定性,适合配制水包油型乳剂、固体微粒乳化剂、以及辅助乳化剂。
製法
乳剂的配置有水中乳化剂法(湿胶法)、油中乳化剂法(乾胶法)、新生皂法、两相交替加入法、机械法(乳匀机、胶体磨、超声乳化法)等。
乳剂属于热力学不稳定体系,经常发生如下变化:分层、絮凝、转相、破乳、酸败等。对乳剂的质量通常用以下指标评定:乳滴的大小、分层现象、乳滴合并速度、稳定常数。
配制乳剂时乳化剂的油水平衡系数值必须与油水两相相协调,因此混合乳化剂一般比单一乳化剂要合适使用,混合乳化剂的油水平衡系数为两种乳化剂油水平衡系数的重量加权平均。
參見
参考文献
外部連結
給藥途徑/劑型
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| 口服 |
消化系統(腸內)
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固體 | 丸劑 · 片劑 · 膠囊劑 · 滲透控釋口服給藥系統
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| 液體 | 溶液 · 軟膠囊 · 混懸劑 · 乳劑 · 糖漿 · 酏劑 · 酊劑 · 水凝膠
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| 頰間隙/唇下/舌下
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固體 | 口腔崩散劑 · 薄膜藥劑 · 棒棒糖 · 喉片 · 口香糖
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| 液體 | 漱口藥水 · 牙膏 · 外用軟膏 · 口噴霧劑
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| 呼吸道 |
固體 | 抽菸裝置 · 乾粉吸入劑
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| 液体 | 計量吸入劑 · 噴霧器 · 麻醉汽化劑
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| 氣體 | 氧氣面罩 · 製氧機 · 麻醉機 · 相對鎮痛機
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| 眼 / 耳 / 鼻
| 鼻噴劑 · 耳藥水 · 眼藥水 · 外用軟膏 · 水凝膠 · 微球藥劑
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| 泌尿生殖系统 | 外用軟膏 · 陰道栓劑 · 陰道環 · 陰道沖洗 · 子宮環 · Extra-amniotic infusion · 膀胱內灌注
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| 直腸給藥 (腸給藥) | 外用藥膏 · 栓剂 · 灌腸 (溶液 · 凝胶) · Murphy drip · Nutrient enema
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| 真皮 | Ointment · Liniment · Paste · Film · Hydrogel · 脂质体 · Transfersome vesicals · 霜 · 露 · 潤唇膏 · 藥用洗髮水 · Dermal patch · Transdermal patch · Transdermal spray · Jet injector
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| 注射 / 輸液 (進入組織/血液)
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皮膚 | 皮內注射 · 皮下注射 · Transdermal implant
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| 器官 | Intracavernous · Intravitreal · 關節內注射液 · Transscleral
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| 中樞神經系統 | Intracerebral · 鞘内注射 · 硬脊膜外麻醉
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| 循环系统 / 人體肌肉骨骼系統
| 靜脈注射 · Intracardiac · 肌肉注射 · Intraosseous · Intraperitoneal · Nanocell injection
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| 附加說明: |
Mucous membranes are used by the human body to absorb the dosage for all routes of administration, except for "Dermal" and "Injection/Infusion". Administration routes can also be grouped as Topical (local effect) or Systemic (defined as Enteral = Digestive tract/Rectal, or Parenteral = All other routes).
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规范控制 | - AAT: 300015003
- NDL: 00568753
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