庶吉士
Multi tool use
明萬曆《徐顯卿宦跡圖·中秘讀書》表現的庶吉士徐顯卿在翰林院讀書的場景
庶吉士，亦稱庶常，名稱源自《书经·立政》篇中“庶常吉士”之意，是中國明、清兩朝時翰林院內的短期職位，由科舉進士中選擇有潛質者擔任，目的是使其可先於翰林院內學習，之後再授予各種官職，情況有如今天的見習生或研究生[1]。
沿革
明太祖洪武十八年（1385年）時開始此制[1]，選進士於六部諸司及翰林院之下觀政。翰林院、承敕監等近傍衙門[2]之下者稱庶吉士，六部之下者稱觀政進士，行人司下設行人。之後觀政集中至翰林院就學於文淵閣。明英宗以後慣例，科舉進士一甲狀元、探花、榜眼，授予翰林修撰、編修。另外從二甲、三甲中，選擇年輕而才華出眾者入翰林院任庶吉士，稱為「選館」。庶吉士分翰林、六科兩等[3]。
魯迅祖父周福清曾任庶吉士，其故居今存之“翰林”匾額
清雍正以後，選館更為嚴格，由皇帝主持之朝考決定。庶吉士一般為期三年，期間由翰林院內經驗豐富者為教習，授以各種知識。三年後，在下次會試前進行考核，稱「散館」。成績優異者留於翰林，授編修或檢討，正式成為翰林，稱「留館」。其他則被派往六部任「主事行走」、「御史行走」，或者外派各地方任官，通常是知縣，此類庶吉士亦有“半個翰林”之稱。
明代的翰林為朝廷儲備高才之地。明英宗後有慣例：非進士不入翰林，非翰林不入內閣。故此庶吉士號稱「儲相」，成為庶吉士的都有機會平步青雲。清朝時漢人大臣中，亦多出於庶吉士。
參考來源
^ 1.01.1 黃振良、陳炳容. 《金門第一才子 許邂》. 金門縣金城鎮: 金門縣文化局. 2006年12月: 188－197頁. ISBN 978-986-00-7778-0.
^ 《明太祖實錄》卷一七二(洪武十八年三月)丙子條：以第一甲賜進士及第丁顯等為翰林院修撰，第二甲賜進士出身馬京等為編修、吳文為檢討、李震為承敕郎、陳廣為中書舍人；第三甲賜同進士出身危瓛為衛府紀善、李鴻綱為譚府奉祠正、楊靖為吏科庶吉士、黃耕為承敕郎、蹇瑢為中書舍人、鄒仲寶為國子監助教。瑢後賜名義。其諸進士，上以其未更事俗，優待之，俾之親政於諸司，給以所出身祿米，俟其諳練政體，然後擢任之。其在翰林院承敕監等近傍衙門者，采《書經》「庶常吉士」之義，俱稱為庶吉士。其在六部及諸司者，仍稱進士。
^ 《雙槐歲抄》：宣德癸丑冬，命吏部選在外庶官有文學者六十八人，令內閣試諸廷，擇知縣孔友諒、進士廖莊等七人改庶吉士，歷事六科。是時合三科進士選二十八人，與修撰馬愉、編修林文、評事張益同進學文淵閣。庶吉士分翰林、六科兩等，惟是年為然。
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